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Deploying large language models (LLMs) in resource-constrained environments is hindered by heavy computational and memory requirements. We present LBLLM, a lightweight binarization framework that achieves effective W(1+1)A4 quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Siqing Song , Chuang Wang , Yong Lang , Yi Yang , Xu-Yao Zhang

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown excellent performance in processing sequence data. However, they are both complex and memory intensive due to their recursive nature. These limitations make RNNs difficult to embed on mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Arash Ardakani , Zhengyun Ji , Sean C. Smithson , Brett H. Meyer , Warren J. Gross

Deep neural networks are widely used in machine learning applications. However, the deployment of large neural networks models can be difficult to deploy on mobile devices with limited power budgets. To solve this problem, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-24 Chenzhuo Zhu , Song Han , Huizi Mao , William J. Dally

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used across research and industry applications, yet their inference efficiency remains a significant challenge. As the computational power of modern GPU architectures continuously improves,…

Large language models are increasingly deployed on CPU-only platforms where memory bandwidth is the primary bottleneck for autoregressive generation. Weight quantization to four bits or below reduces memory pressure, yet existing systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Fei Zuo , Xiaoyan Xi , Quanyi Zeng , Feiyu Wang , Ho Fai Leung

Recent advances in LLMs have outpaced the computational and memory capacities of edge platforms that primarily employ CPUs, thereby challenging efficient and scalable deployment. While ternary quantization enables significant resource…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyunwoo Oh , KyungIn Nam , Rajat Bhattacharjya , Hanning Chen , Tamoghno Das , Sanggeon Yun , Suyeon Jang , Andrew Ding , Nikil Dutt , Mohsen Imani

Bit-serial architectures can handle Neural Networks (NNs) with different weight precisions, achieving higher resource efficiency compared with bit-parallel architectures. Besides, the weights contain abundant zero bits owing to the fault…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Wenhao Sun , Zhiwei Zou , Deng Liu , Wendi Sun , Song Chen , Yi Kang

Ternary weight quantization (e.g., BitNet b1.58) offers a promising path to mitigate the memory bandwidth bottleneck in Large Language Model (LLM) inference. However, conventional compute platforms lack native support for ternary-weight…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Robin Geens , Joran Heldens , Joren Dumoulin , Marian Verhelst

With the development of hardware for machine learning, newer models often come at the cost of both increased sizes and computational complexity. In effort to improve the efficiency for these models, we apply and investigate recent…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-03 Ching-Feng Yeh , Wei-Ning Hsu , Paden Tomasello , Abdelrahman Mohamed

Low-bit quantized neural networks are of great interest in practical applications because they significantly reduce the consumption of both memory and computational resources. Binary neural networks are memory and computationally efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Anton Trusov , Elena Limonova , Dmitry Nikolaev , Vladimir V. Arlazarov

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities as their scale expands to billions of parameters. Deploying these large-scale models on resource-constrained platforms presents significant…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Keran Zheng , Yinting Huang , Zhewen Yu , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on end-user devices is gaining importance due to benefits in responsiveness, privacy, and operational cost. Yet the limited memory and compute capability of mobile and desktop GPUs make efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Rongxiang Wang , Kangyuan Shu , Felix Xiaozhu Lin

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the way we think about language understanding and generation, enthralling both researchers and developers. However, deploying LLMs for inference has been a significant challenge due to their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Dibakar Gope , David Mansell , Danny Loh , Ian Bratt

Quantizing large language models has become a standard way to reduce their memory and computational costs. Typically, existing methods focus on breaking down the problem into individual layer-wise sub-problems, and minimizing per-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Vladimir Malinovskii , Andrei Panferov , Ivan Ilin , Han Guo , Peter Richtárik , Dan Alistarh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly pushed forward advancements in natural language processing, yet their high memory and computational demands hinder practical deployment. Binarization, as an effective compression technique, can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Zhiteng Li , Xianglong Yan , Tianao Zhang , Haotong Qin , Dong Xie , Jiang Tian , zhongchao shi , Linghe Kong , Yulun Zhang , Xiaokang Yang

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a prevailing technique for deploying large language models (LLMs) efficiently in terms of both memory and computation, across edge devices and server platforms. Existing PTQ methods primarily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yeonsik Park , Hyeonseong Kim , Seungkyu Choi

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of language processing tasks. However, this success comes at the cost of substantial computation and memory requirements, which significantly impedes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Fen-Yu Hsieh , Yun-Chang Teng , Ding-Yong Hong , Jan-Jan Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive abilities in various domains while the inference cost is expensive. Many previous studies exploit quantization methods to reduce LLM inference cost by reducing latency and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jinhao Li , Jiaming Xu , Shiyao Li , Shan Huang , Jun Liu , Yaoxiu Lian , Guohao Dai

Model compression has become an emerging need as the sizes of modern speech systems rapidly increase. In this paper, we study model weight quantization, which directly reduces the memory footprint to accommodate computationally…

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) holds the promise in reducing the prohibitive computational cost at inference time. Quantization of all weight, activation and key-value (KV) cache tensors to 4-bit without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Utkarsh Saxena , Sayeh Sharify , Kaushik Roy , Xin Wang