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Non-stabilizerness or magic resource characterizes the amount of non-Clifford operations needed to prepare quantum states. It is a crucial resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. However, quantifying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Tobias Haug , M. S. Kim

Non-stabilizerness (colloquially "magic") characterizes genuinely quantum (beyond-Clifford) operations necessary for preparation of quantum states, and can be measured by stabilizer R\'enyi entropy (SRE). For permutationally symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Tanausú Hernández-Yanes , Piotr Sierant , Jakub Zakrzewski , Marcin Płodzień

We introduce a methodology to estimate non-stabilizerness or "magic", a key resource for quantum complexity, with Neural Quantum States (NQS). Our framework relies on two schemes based on Monte Carlo sampling to quantify non-stabilizerness…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Alessandro Sinibaldi , Antonio Francesco Mello , Mario Collura , Giuseppe Carleo

The nonstabilizerness, or magic, is an essential quantum resource to perform universal quantum computation. Robustness of magic (RoM) in particular characterizes the degree of usefulness of a given quantum state for non-Clifford operation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Hiroki Hamaguchi , Kou Hamada , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Magic is a quantum resource essential for universal quantum computation and represents the deviation of quantum states from those that can be simulated efficiently using classical algorithms. Using the Stabilizer R\'enyi Entropy (SRE), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Qiaofeng Liu , Ian Low , Zhewei Yin

Stabilizer R\'enyi entropies (SREs) probe the non-stabilizerness (or magic) of many-body systems and quantum computers. Here, we introduce the mutual von-Neumann SRE and magic capacity, which can be efficiently computed in time $O(N\chi^3)$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Poetri Sonya Tarabunga , Tobias Haug

Quantifying non-stabilizerness (``magic'') in interacting fermionic systems remains a formidable challenge, particularly for extracting high order correlations from quantum Monte Carlo simulations. In this Letter, we establish the two-point…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2026-01-29 Jun Qi Fang , Fo-Hong Wang , Xiao Yan Xu

Quantum systems can not be efficiently simulated classically due to the presence of entanglement and nonstabilizerness, also known as quantum magic. Here we study the generation of magic under evolution by a quantum circuit. To be able to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Jordi Arnau Montañà López , Pavel Kos

Magic, capturing the deviation of a quantum state from the stabilizer formalism, is a key resource underpinning the quantum advantage. The recently introduced stabilizer R\'enyi entropy (SRE) offers a tractable measure of magic, avoiding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Lei-Yi-Nan Liu , Su Yi , Jian Cui

In quantum computing, non-stabilizerness -- the magic -- refers to the computational advantage of certain quantum states over classical computers and is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. Employing the second order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Qiaofeng Liu , Ian Low , Zhewei Yin

Magic is a property of a quantum state that characterizes its deviation from a stabilizer state, serving as a useful resource for achieving universal quantum computation e.g., within schemes that use Clifford operations. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-15 Poetri Sonya Tarabunga , Claudio Castelnovo

Nonstabilizerness, also known as magic, quantifies the number of non-Clifford operations needed in order to prepare a quantum state. As typical measures either involve minimization procedures or a computational cost exponential in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Tobias Haug , Lorenzo Piroli

To achieve universal quantum computation via general fault-tolerant schemes, stabilizer operations must be supplemented with other non-stabilizer quantum resources. Motivated by this necessity, we develop a resource theory for magic quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-09 Xin Wang , Mark M. Wilde , Yuan Su

Nonstabilizerness, also known as magic, is a crucial resource for quantum computation. The growth in complexity of quantum processing units (QPUs) demands robust and scalable techniques for characterizing this resource. We introduce the…

Quantum computing's promise lies in its intrinsic complexity, with entanglement initially heralded as its hallmark. However, the quest for quantum advantage extends beyond entanglement, encompassing the realm of nonstabilizer (magic)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Antonio Francesco Mello , Guglielmo Lami , Mario Collura

Consumption of magic states promotes the stabilizer model of computation to universal quantum computation. Here, we propose three different classical algorithms for simulating such universal quantum circuits, and characterize them by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 James R. Seddon , Bartosz Regula , Hakop Pashayan , Yingkai Ouyang , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum advantage is widely understood to rely on key quantum resources beyond entanglement, among which nonstabilizerness (quantum ``magic'') plays a central role in enabling universal quantum computation. However, the exact evaluation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Xuyang Huang , Han-Ze Li , Ching Hua Lee , Jian-Xin Zhong

Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a key resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. Non-Clifford operations turn stabilizer states into resourceful states, where the amount of nonstabilizerness is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Tobias Haug , Leandro Aolita , M. S. Kim

Magic refers to the degree of "quantumness" in a system that cannot be fully described by stabilizer states and Clifford operations alone. In quantum computing, stabilizer states and Clifford operations can be efficiently simulated on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-29 Yuzhen Zhang , Yingfei Gu

Notions of nonstabilizerness, or "magic", quantify how non-classical quantum states are in a precise sense: states exhibiting low nonstabilizerness preclude quantum advantage. We introduce 'pseudomagic' ensembles of quantum states that,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-31 Andi Gu , Lorenzo Leone , Soumik Ghosh , Jens Eisert , Susanne Yelin , Yihui Quek
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