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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) enhances Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning but suffers from advantage collapse on ``hard samples'' where all rollouts fail. This lack of variance eliminates crucial learning signals.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xinyu Lu , Kaiqi Zhang , Jinglin Yang , Boxi Cao , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Min He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards has recently advanced the capabilities of Large Language Models in complex reasoning tasks by providing explicit rule-based supervision. Among RLVR methods, GRPO and its variants have achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zepeng Zhai , Meilin Chen , Jiaxuan Zhao , Junlang Qian , Lei Shen , Yuan Lu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has proven effective for Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning, yet current methods face key challenges in resource allocation and policy optimization dynamics: (i) uniform rollout…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yangyi Fang , Jiaye Lin , Xiaoliang Fu , Cong Qin , Haolin Shi , Chaowen Hu , Lu Pan , Ke Zeng , Xunliang Cai

Medical Image Grounding (MIG), which involves localizing specific regions in medical images based on textual descriptions, requires models to not only perceive regions but also deduce spatial relationships of these regions. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Huihui Xu , Yuanpeng Nie , Hualiang Wang , Ying Chen , Wei Li , Junzhi Ning , Lihao Liu , Hongqiu Wang , Lei Zhu , Jiyao Liu , Xiaomeng Li , Junjun He

Group-relative RL training (GRPO) samples a small group of parallel rollouts for every training prompt and uses their within-group reward spread to compute per-trajectory advantages. In agentic environments each rollout is a long multi-turn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zhiyuan Zhai , Xin Wang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a powerful paradigm for improving language models on reasoning-intensive tasks, but its effectiveness is often limited by exploration. For example, models often fail on hard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruitao Liu , Qinghao Hu , Alex Hu , Yecheng Wu , Shang Yang , Luke J. Huang , Zhuoyang Zhang , Han Cai , Song Han

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a central paradigm for scaling LLM reasoning, yet its optimization often suffers from training instability and suboptimal convergence. Through a systematic dissection of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shuo Yang , Jinda Lu , Chiyu Ma , Kexin Huang , Haoming Meng , Qihui Zhang , Yuyang Liu , Bolin Ding , Guoyin Wang , Li Yuan , Jingren Zhou

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) has gained much attention for its ability to learn complex behaviors in a sample-efficient way: planning actions by generating imaginary trajectories with predicted rewards. Despite its success, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Vint Lee , Pieter Abbeel , Youngwoon Lee

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have shown promise in enhancing the mathematical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) through Test-Time Scaling (TTS). However, their integration into multimodal reasoning remains largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ruilin Luo , Zhuofan Zheng , Yifan Wang , Xinzhe Ni , Zicheng Lin , Songtao Jiang , Yiyao Yu , Chufan Shi , Lei Wang , Ruihang Chu , Jin Zeng , Yujiu Yang

Self-evaluation, a model's ability to assess the correctness of its own output, is crucial for Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) to achieve self-improvement in multi-turn conversations, yet largely absent in foundation models. Recent work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Wenkai Wang , Hongcan Guo , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang

Designing reward functions for continuous-control robotics often leads to subtle misalignments or reward hacking, especially in complex tasks. Preference-based RL mitigates some of these pitfalls by learning rewards from comparative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Anukriti Singh , Amisha Bhaskar , Peihong Yu , Souradip Chakraborty , Ruthwik Dasyam , Amrit Bedi , Pratap Tokekar

Measurement of task progress through explicit, actionable milestones is critical for robust robotic manipulation. This progress awareness enables a model to ground its current task status, anticipate verifiable intermediate states, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tingjun Dai , Mingfei Han , Tingwen Du , Zhiheng Liu , Zhihui Li , Salman Khan , Jun Yu , Xiaojun Chang

The advantage function is a central concept in RL that helps reduce variance in policy gradient estimates. For language modeling, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was proposed to use the within-group sample mean as a baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ian Reid , Mohammad Yaqub

Reinforcement learning (RL) is widely used for post-training large language models (LLMs) in code editing, where group-relative methods, such as GRPO, are popular due to their critic-free and normalized advantage estimation. However, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Jianqing Zhang , Zhezheng Hao , Wei Xia , Hande Dong , Hong Wang , Chenxing Wei , Yuyan Zhou , Yubin Qi , Qiang Lin , Jian Cao

Recently, Petrik et al. demonstrated that L1Regularized Approximate Linear Programming (RALP) could produce value functions and policies which compared favorably to established linear value function approximation techniques like LSPI.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-10-19 Gavin Taylor , Ron Parr

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis, inspiring autoregressive frameworks that represent speech as sequences of discrete codec tokens. Among them, single-codebook TTS LLMs have…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yicheng Zhong , Peiji Yang , Zhisheng Wang

The alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) utilizes Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) for non-verifiable domains such as long-form question answering and open-ended instruction following. These domains often rely on LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Nirmal Patel , Fei Wang , Inderjit S. Dhillon

We propose Process-Aware Policy Optimization (PAPO), a method that integrates process-level evaluation into Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) through decoupled advantage normalization, to address two limitations of existing reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zelin Tan , Zhouliang Yu , Bohan Lin , Zijie Geng , Hejia Geng , Yudong Zhang , Mulei Zhang , Yang Chen , Shuyue Hu , Zhenfei Yin , Chen Zhang , Lei Bai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in solving complex mathematical problems, yet they still fall short of producing accurate and consistent solutions. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a framework for aligning these models with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hatamizadeh , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Igor Gitman , Ximing Lu , Seungju Han , Wei Ping , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz

Non-Markovian Reinforcement Learning (RL) tasks present significant challenges, as agents must reason over entire trajectories of state-action pairs to make optimal decisions. A common strategy to address this is through symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Hazem Dewidar , Elena Umili