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Cooperative motion in biological microswimmers is crucial for their survival as it facilitates adhesion to surfaces, formation of hierarchical colonies, efficient motion, and enhanced access to nutrients. Synthetic microswimmers currently…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-04-12 Stefania Ketzetzi , Melissa Rinaldin , Pim Dröge , Joost de Graaf , Daniela J. Kraft

Active systems contain self-propelled particles and can spontaneously self-organize into patterns making them attractive candidates for the self-assembly of smart soft materials. One key limitation of our present understanding of these…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2018-12-04 Benno Liebchen , Ran Niu , Thomas Palberg , Hartmut Löwen

In narrow, unstructured underwater environments such as environmental monitoring and minimally invasive medical procedures, micro soft robots exhibit unique advantages due to their flexible movement capabilities and small size. At the same…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jiaqing Chang , Song Gao , Chaowei Dong , zhaobang Li , Yang Liu

In analogy to nanoscopic molecules that are composed of individual atoms, we consider an active "microswimmer molecule". It is built up from three individual magnetic colloidal microswimmers that are connected by harmonic springs and…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-04-12 Sonja Babel , Hartmut Löwen , Andreas M. Menzel

The swimming direction of biological or artificial microscale swimmers tends to be randomised over long time-scales by thermal fluctuations. Bacteria use various strategies to bias swimming behaviour and achieve directed motion against a…

The ability to propel against flows, i.e., to perform positive rheotaxis, can provide exciting opportunities for applications in targeted therapeutics and non-invasive surgery. To date, no biocompatible technologies exist for navigating…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-03-30 Daniel Ahmed , David Hauri , Alexander Sukhov , Dubon Rodrigue , Maranta Gian , Jens Harting , Bradley Nelson

The emerging field of self-driven active particles in fluid environments has recently created significant interest in the biophysics and bioengineering communities owing to their promising future biomedical and technological applications.…

Swimming, i.e., being able to advance in the absence of external forces by performing cyclic shape changes, is particularly demanding at low Reynolds numbers which is the regime of interest for micro-organisms and micro-robots. We focus on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-10-04 François Alouges , Laetitia Giraldi

The dynamics of a triangular magnetocapillary swimmer is studied using the lattice Boltzmann method. Performing extensive numerical simulations taking into account the coupled dynamics of the fluid-fluid interface and of magnetic particles…

Snapping beams enable rapid geometric transitions through nonlinear instability, offering an efficient means of generating motion in soft robotic systems. In this study, a tendon-driven mechanism consisting of spiral-based metabeams was…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Mohsen Jafarpour , Ayberk Yüksek , Shahab Eshghi , Stanislav Gorb , Edoardo Milana

In this article, we consider a swimmer (i.e. a self-deformable body) immersed in a fluid, the flow of which is governed by the stationary Stokes equations. This model is relevant for studying the locomotion of microorganisms or micro robots…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2012-03-19 Jérôme Lohéac , Alexandre Munnier

Swimming at low Reynolds number in Newtonian fluids is only possible through non-reciprocal body deformations due to the kinematic reversibility of the Stokes equations. We consider here a model swimmer consisting of two linked spheres,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-04-26 Babak Nasouri , Aditi Khot , Gwynn J. Elfring

In nature, many unicellular organisms are able to swim with the help of beating filaments, where local energy input leads to cooperative undulatory beating motion. Here, we investigate by employing reinforcement learning how undulatory…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Fumiya Tokoro , Hideki Takayama , Shinji Deguchi , Andreas Zöttl , Daiki Matsunaga

Microorganisms are able to overcome the thermal randomness of their surroundings by harvesting energy to navigate in viscous fluid environments. In a similar manner, synthetic colloidal microswimmers are capable of mimicking complex…

The self-propulsion of artificial and biological microswimmers (i.e., active colloidal particles) has often been modelled by using a force and a torque entering into the overdamped equations for the Brownian motion of passive particles.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-07-10 Borge ten Hagen , Raphael Wittkowski , Daisuke Takagi , Felix Kümmel , Clemens Bechinger , Hartmut Löwen

Biological microswimmers alter their motility in complex corner geometries, facilitating their survival. However, the dynamical features of low-Reynolds-number swimming at corners remain undefined. Here, we use active droplet microswimmers…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-04-22 Subhasish Guchhait , Harshita Tiwari , Sumesh P. Thampi , Ranabir Dey

Recent experiments have shown that floating ferromagnetic beads, under the influence of an oscillating background magnetic field, can move along a liquid-air interface in a sustained periodic locomotion [Lumay et al., Soft Matter, 2013, 9,…

In the absence of inertia, a reciprocal swimmer achieves no net motion in a viscous Newtonian fluid. Here, we investigate the ability of a reciprocally actuated particle to translate through a complex fluid that possesses a network using…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-06-18 David A. Gagnon , Nathan C. Keim , Xiaoning Shen , Paulo E. Arratia

Locomotion is typically studied either in continuous media where bodies and legs experience forces generated by the flowing medium, or on solid substrates dominated by friction. In the former, centralized coordination is believed to…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-03-29 Baxi Chong , Juntao He , Shengkai Li , Eva Erickson , Kelimar Diaz , Tianyu Wang , Daniel Soto , Daniel I. Goldman

The field of active matter in general and microswimming in particular has experienced a rapid and ongoing expansion over the last decade. A particular interesting aspect is provided by artificial autonomous microswimmers constructed from…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2018-05-21 Ran Niu , Thomas Palberg