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Fault tolerant quantum computing methods which work with efficient quantum error correcting codes are discussed. Several new techniques are introduced to restrict accumulation of errors before or during the recovery. Classes of eligible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Andrew M. Steane

We propose a scheme for fault-tolerant long-range entanglement generation at the ends of a rectangular array of qubits of length $R$ and a square cross section of size $d\times d$ with $d=O(\log R)$. Up to an efficiently computable Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-21 Shin Ho Choe , Robert Koenig

In order to use quantum error-correcting codes to actually improve the performance of a quantum computer, it is necessary to be able to perform operations fault-tolerantly on encoded states. I present a general theory of fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-07-19 Daniel Gottesman

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

We introduce multipartite entanglement distribution protocols that use a quantum switch to deliver stabilizer states to a number of remote end users. As in existing schemes, the first step in our protocols involves Bell pair generation…

Hybridizing different physical systems or degrees of freedom offers significant advantages for realizing practical, universal, scalable, and fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Here, we propose optical FTQC schemes with low squeezing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-27 Peilin Du

We propose fault-tolerant architectures based on performing projective measurements in the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) basis on constant-sized, entangled resource states. We present linear-optical constructions of the architectures,…

Physical constraints and engineering challenges, including wafer dimensions, classical control cabling, and refrigeration volumes, impose significant limitations on the scalability of quantum computing units. As a result, a modular quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Hugo Jacinto , Élie Gouzien , Nicolas Sangouard

In a distributed quantum computer scalability is accomplished by networking together many elementary nodes. Typically the network is optical and inter-node entanglement involves photon detection. In complex networks the entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Simon C. Benjamin , Joseph Fitzsimons

Two-qubit quantum codes have been suggested to obtain better efficiency and higher loss tolerance in quantum key distribution. Here, we propose a two-qubit quantum key distribution protocol based on a mixed basis consisting of two Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-20 Mladen Pavicic , Oliver Benson , Andreas W. Schell , Janik Wolters

Quantum computing can be realized with numerous different hardware platforms and computational protocols. A highly promising approach to foster scalability is to apply a photonic platform combined with a measurement-induced quantum…

Quantum computing offers significant speedups, but the large number of physical qubits required for quantum error correction introduces engineering challenges for a monolithic architecture. One solution is to distribute the logical quantum…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic protocol to enable two parties to share a secure key string, which can be used in one-time pad cryptosystem. There has been an ongoing surge of interest in implementing long-haul…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-22 Sourav Chatterjee , Kaumudibikash Goswami , Rishab Chatterjee , Urbasi Sinha

Photon loss is the dominant noise mechanism in photonic quantum technologies. Designing fault-tolerant schemes with high tolerance to loss is thus a central challenge in scaling photonic quantum information processors. Concatenation of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-25 Love A. Pettersson , Anders S. Sørensen , Stefano Paesani

Usual scenarios of fault-tolerant computation are concerned with the fault-tolerant realization of quantum algorithms that compute classical functions, such as Shor's algorithm for factoring. In particular, this means that input and output…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Matthias Christandl , Omar Fawzi , Ashutosh Goswami

High-fidelity quantum entanglement enables key quantum networking capabilities such as secure communication and distributed quantum computing, but long-distance entanglement distribution is limited by noise and loss. Entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Andi Gu , Lorenzo Leone , Kenneth Goodenough , Sumeet Khatri

We propose a parallel protocol for implementing distributed nonlocal quantum gates between spatially separated stationary qubits encoded in dual-species quantum emitters (i.e., color-center and superconducting qubits). By utilizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Zhihao Xie , Adam Miranowicz , Zhenhua Li , Tao Li , Franco Nori

As far as we know, a useful quantum computer will require fault-tolerant gates, and existing schemes demand a prohibitively large space and time overhead. We argue that a first generation quantum computer will be very valuable to design,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-15 Pavithran S. Iyer , David Poulin

We propose a theoretical protocol to implement multiqubit geometric gates (i.e., the M{\o}lmer-S{\o}rensen gate) using photonic cat-state qubits. These cat-state qubits stored in high-$Q$ resonators are promising for hardware-efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 Ye-Hong Chen , Roberto Stassi , Wei Qin , Adam Miranowicz , Franco Nori

Measurement-based quantum repeaters employ entanglement distillation and swapping across links using locally prepared resource states of minimal size and local Bell measurements. In this Letter, we introduce a systematic protocol for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Yu Shi , Ashlesha Patil , Saikat Guha