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This, with the ever-increasing sophistication of cyberwar, calls for novel solutions. In this regard, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a highly promising tool for defensive and offensive cybersecurity-related strategies. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Abdulrahman S Almuhaidib , Azlan Mohd Zain , Zalmiyah Zakaria , Izyan Izzati Kamsani , Abdulaziz S Almuhaidib

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant utility in a wide range of applications; however, their deployment is plagued by security vulnerabilities, notably jailbreak attacks. These attacks manipulate LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Wenlong Meng , Fan Zhang , Wendao Yao , Zhenyuan Guo , Yuwei Li , Chengkun Wei , Wenzhi Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have been serving as effective backbones for retrieval systems, including Retrieval-Augmentation-Generation (RAG), Dense Information Retriever (IR), and Agent Memory Retrieval. Recent studies have demonstrated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jiate Li , Defu Cao , Li Li , Wei Yang , Yuehan Qin , Chenxiao Yu , Tiannuo Yang , Ryan A. Rossi , Yan Liu , Xiyang Hu , Yue Zhao

With the development of large language models (LLMs), detecting whether text is generated by a machine becomes increasingly challenging in the face of malicious use cases like the spread of false information, protection of intellectual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Ying Zhou , Ben He , Le Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful zero-shot assessors used in real-world situations such as assessing written exams and benchmarking systems. Despite these critical applications, no existing work has analyzed the vulnerability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Vyas Raina , Adian Liusie , Mark Gales

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are prolonged, stealthy intrusions by skilled adversaries that compromise high-value systems to steal data or disrupt operations. Reconstructing complete attack chains from massive, heterogeneous logs is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rujie Dai , Peizhuo Lv , Yujiang Gui , Qiujian Lv , Yuanyuan Qiao , Yan Wang , Degang Sun , Weiqing Huang , Yingjiu Li , XiaoFeng Wang

The score-based query attacks (SQAs) pose practical threats to deep neural networks by crafting adversarial perturbations within dozens of queries, only using the model's output scores. Nonetheless, we note that if the loss trend of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Sizhe Chen , Zhehao Huang , Qinghua Tao , Yingwen Wu , Cihang Xie , Xiaolin Huang

Adversarial attack is a technique for deceiving Machine Learning (ML) models, which provides a way to evaluate the adversarial robustness. In practice, attack algorithms are artificially selected and tuned by human experts to break a ML…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Xiaofeng Mao , Yuefeng Chen , Shuhui Wang , Hang Su , Yuan He , Hui Xue

Automated Code Review (ACR) systems integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in software development workflows, ranging from interactive assistants to autonomous agents in CI/CD pipelines. In this paper, we study…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Dimitris Mitropoulos , Nikolaos Alexopoulos , Georgios Alexopoulos , Diomidis Spinellis

The generalization capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to their widespread deployment across various applications. However, this increased adoption has introduced several security threats, notably in the forms of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Francesco Panebianco , Stefano Bonfanti , Francesco Trovò , Michele Carminati

Robustness of huge Transformer-based models for natural language processing is an important issue due to their capabilities and wide adoption. One way to understand and improve robustness of these models is an exploration of an adversarial…

Large language models (LLMs) are highly sensitive to subtle changes in prompt phrasing, posing challenges for reliable auditing. Prior methods often apply unconstrained prompt paraphrasing, which risk missing linguistic and demographic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Cléa Chataigner , Rebecca Ma , Prakhar Ganesh , Yuhao Chen , Afaf Taïk , Elliot Creager , Golnoosh Farnadi

As powerful Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used for numerous practical applications, their safety is of critical importance. While alignment techniques have significantly improved overall safety, LLMs remain vulnerable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Samuel Jacob Chacko , Sajib Biswas , Chashi Mahiul Islam , Fatema Tabassum Liza , Xiuwen Liu

Most adversarial threats in artificial intelligence (AI) target the computational behavior of models rather than the humans who rely on them. Yet modern AI systems increasingly operate within human decision loops, where users interpret and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Shutong Fan , Lan Zhang , Xiaoyong Yuan

Contextual priming, where earlier stimuli covertly bias later judgments, offers an unexplored attack surface for large language models (LLMs). We uncover a contextual priming vulnerability in which the previous response in the dialogue can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Ziqi Miao , Lijun Li , Yuan Xiong , Zhenhua Liu , Pengyu Zhu , Jing Shao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in fields like robotics and autonomous driving, but adversarial attacks designed to mislead RL systems remain challenging. Existing approaches often rely on modifying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Junyong Jiang , Buwei Tian , Chenxing Xu , Songze Li , Lu Dong

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable fluency across various tasks. However, their unethical applications, such as disseminating disinformation, have become a growing concern. Although recent works have proposed a number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 James Wang , Ran Li , Junfeng Yang , Chengzhi Mao

The recent large-scale emergence of LLMs has left an open space for dealing with their consequences, such as plagiarism or the spread of false information on the Internet. Coupling this with the rise of AI detector bypassing tools, reliable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Andrii Shportko , Inessa Verbitsky

Current adversarial robustness methods for large language models require extensive datasets of harmful prompts (thousands to hundreds of thousands of examples), yet remain vulnerable to novel attack vectors and distributional shifts. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Linh Le , David Williams-King , Mohamed Amine Merzouk , Aton Kamanda , Adam Oberman

Current adversarial attacks for evaluating the robustness of vision-language pre-trained (VLP) models in multi-modal tasks suffer from limited transferability, where attacks crafted for a specific model often struggle to generalize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Peng-Fei Zhang , Guangdong Bai , Zi Huang