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Understanding how the human brain progresses from processing simple linguistic inputs to performing high-level reasoning is a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. While modern large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Linyang He , Tianjun Zhong , Richard Antonello , Gavin Mischler , Micah Goldblum , Nima Mesgarani

In the present study, we investigate and compare reasoning in large language models (LLM) and humans using a selection of cognitive psychology tools traditionally dedicated to the study of (bounded) rationality. To do so, we presented to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Nicolas Yax , Hernan Anlló , Stefano Palminteri

In modern deep neural networks, the learning dynamics of the individual neurons is often obscure, as the networks are trained via global optimization. Conversely, biological systems build on self-organized, local learning, achieving…

Advanced economies exhibit a high degree of sophistication in the creation of various products. While critical to such sophistication, the nature and underlying structure of the interactions taking place inside production processes remain…

General Economics · Economics 2023-08-01 Hardik Rajpal , Omar A Guerrero

One of the defining features of living systems is their adaptability to changing environmental conditions. This requires organisms to extract temporal and spatial features of their environment, and use that information to compute the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-27 Maria Sol Vidal-Saez , Oscar Vilarroya , Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo

Artificial Neural Networks, the building blocks of AI, were inspired by the human brain's network of neurons. Over the years, these networks have evolved to replicate the complex capabilities of the brain, allowing them to handle tasks such…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-11 Sanaz Saki Norouzi , Mohammad Masjedi , Pascal Hitzler

Although LLMs and other artificial intelligence systems demonstrate cognitive skills similar to humans, like concept learning and language acquisition, the way they process information fundamentally differs from biological cognition. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Giuseppe Riva , Fabrizia Mantovani , Brenda K. Wiederhold , Antonella Marchetti , Andrea Gaggioli

The increasing interest in understanding the behavior of the biological neural networks, and the increasing utilization of artificial neural networks in different fields and scales, both require a thorough understanding of how neuromorphic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-12 János Végh , Ádám J. Berki

Understanding the fundamentals of human reasoning is central to the development of any system built to closely interact with humans. Cognitive science pursues the goal of modeling human-like intelligence from a theory-driven perspective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Nicolas Riesterer , Daniel Brand , Marco Ragni

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning abilities in solving complex real-world problems. Yet, the internal mechanisms driving these complex reasoning behaviors remain opaque. Existing interpretability approaches targeting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Changming Li , Kaixing Zhang , Haoyun Xu , Yingdong Shi , Zheng Zhang , Kaitao Song , Kan Ren

Analogy is core to human cognition. It allows us to solve problems based on prior experience, it governs the way we conceptualize new information, and it even influences our visual perception. The importance of analogy to humans has made it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Maxwell Crouse , Constantine Nakos , Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Kenneth Forbus

Large Language Models (LLMs) are able to improve their responses when instructed to do so, a capability known as self-correction. When instructions provide only a general and abstract goal without specific details about potential issues in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Guangliang Liu , Haitao Mao , Bochuan Cao , Zhiyu Xue , Xitong Zhang , Rongrong Wang , Kristen Marie Johnson

Adaptive behavior, cognition and emotion are the result of a bewildering variety of brain spatiotemporal activity patterns. An important problem in neuroscience is to understand the mechanism by which the human brain's 100 billion neurons…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2011-05-09 Paul Expert , Renaud Lambiotte , Dante R. Chialvo , Kim Christensen , Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen , David J. Sharp , Federico Turkheimer

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-03 Brenden M. Lake , Tomer D. Ullman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Samuel J. Gershman

Language models have been shown to be very effective in predicting brain recordings of subjects experiencing complex language stimuli. For a deeper understanding of this alignment, it is important to understand the correspondence between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Subba Reddy Oota , Manish Gupta , Mariya Toneva

When are multi-agent LLM systems merely a collection of individual agents versus an integrated collective with higher-order structure? We introduce an information-theoretic framework to test -- in a purely data-driven way -- whether…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Christoph Riedl

Hierarchy is one of the most conspicuous features of numerous natural, technological and social systems. The underlying structures are typically complex and their most relevant organizational principle is the ordering of the ties among the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-03-05 Tamás Nepusz , Tamás Vicsek

Understanding the similarity between large language models (LLMs) and human brain activity is crucial for advancing both AI and cognitive neuroscience. In this study, we provide a multilinguistic, large-scale assessment of this similarity…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Xin Xiao , Kaiwen Wei , Jiang Zhong , Xuekai Wei , Mingliang Zhou

Biological information processing manifests a huge variety in its complexity and capability among different organisms, which presumably stems from the evolutionary optimization under limited computational resources. Starting from the…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Takehiro Tottori , Tetsuya J. Kobayashi

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) and their capacity to simulate human cognition and behavior has given rise to LLM-based frameworks and tools that are evaluated and applied based on their ability to perform tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jing Yi Wang , Nicholas Sukiennik , Tong Li , Weikang Su , Qianyue Hao , Jingbo Xu , Zihan Huang , Fengli Xu , Yong Li