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Large language models (LLMs) deliver superior performance but require substantial computational resources and operate with relatively low efficiency, while smaller models can efficiently handle simpler tasks with fewer resources. LLM…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Kai Mei , Wujiang Xu , Minghao Guo , Shuhang Lin , Yongfeng Zhang

Model routing allocates queries to the suitable model, improving system performance while reducing costs. However, existing routing methods face practical limitations that hinder scalability in large-scale applications and struggle to keep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhou Chen , Zhiqiang Wei , Yuqi Bai , Xue Xiong , Jianmin Wu

Modern LLM deployments confront a widening cost-performance spectrum: premium models deliver strong reasoning but are expensive, while lightweight models are economical yet brittle on complex tasks. Static escalation rules and keyword…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have heterogeneous strengths across OCR, chart understanding, spatial reasoning, visual question answering, cost, and latency. Effective MLLM routing therefore requires more than estimating query…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xueqi Cheng , Yushun Dong

The rapid advancement of large language models has unlocked remarkable capabilities across a diverse array of natural language processing tasks. However, the considerable differences among available LLMs-in terms of cost, performance, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yifan Zhang , Xinkui Zhao , Zuxin Wang , Guanjie Cheng , Yueshen Xu , Shuiguang Deng , Jianwei Yin

With the rapid growth of Large Language Models (LLMs) across various domains, numerous new LLMs have emerged, each possessing domain-specific expertise. This proliferation has highlighted the need for quick, high-quality, and cost-effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Dimitris Stripelis , Zijian Hu , Jipeng Zhang , Zhaozhuo Xu , Alay Dilipbhai Shah , Han Jin , Yuhang Yao , Salman Avestimehr , Chaoyang He

Model routing is a simple technique for reducing the inference cost of large language models (LLMs), wherein one maintains a pool of candidate LLMs, and learns to route each prompt to the smallest feasible LLM. Existing works focus on…

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a diverse ecosystem of models with highly varying performance and costs, necessitating effective query routing to balance performance and expense. Current routing systems often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hang Zheng , Hongshen Xu , Yongkai Lin , Shuai Fan , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

There is a burgeoning discussion around the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in acting as fundamental components that can be seamlessly incorporated into Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) to interpret complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Huanqi Yang , Sijie Ji , Rucheng Wu , Weitao Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver state-of-the-art performance across many tasks but impose high computational and memory costs, limiting their deployment in resource-constrained or real-time settings. To address this, we propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Nikunj Gupta , Bill Guo , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor K. Prasanna

LLM routing aims to achieve a favorable quality--cost trade-off by dynamically assigning easy queries to smaller models and harder queries to stronger ones. However, across both unimodal and multimodal settings, we uncover a pervasive yet…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Guannan Lai , Han-Jia Ye

LLM agents achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks but incur high latency and compute cost. In practice, many queries fall within the capability boundary of cutting-edge LLMs and do not require full agent execution, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yimin Wang , Jiahao Qiu , Xuan Qi , Xinzhe Juan , Jingzhe Shi , Zelin Zhao , Hongru Wang , Shilong Liu , Mengdi Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit substantial variability in performance and computational cost across tasks and queries, motivating routing systems that select models to meet user-specific cost-performance trade-offs. However, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hui Liu , Bin Zou , Kecheng Chen , Jie Liu , Wenya Wang , Haoliang Li

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have been demonstrated to push the boundaries of LLM capabilities, yet they often incur significant costs and face challenges in dynamic LLM selection. Current LLM routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yanwei Yue , Guibin Zhang , Boyang Liu , Guancheng Wan , Kun Wang , Dawei Cheng , Yiyan Qi

The rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have led to the emergence of routing techniques, which aim to efficiently select the optimal LLM from diverse candidates to tackle specific tasks, optimizing performance while reducing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ruihan Jin , Pengpeng Shao , Zhengqi Wen , Jinyang Wu , Mingkuan Feng , Shuai Zhang , Jianhua Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in Machine Translation (MT), but deploying them at scale remains prohibitively expensive. A widely adopted remedy is the hybrid system paradigm, which balances cost and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Yingfeng Luo , Hongyu Liu , Dingyang Lin , Kaiyan Chang , Chenglong Wang , Bei Li , Quan Du , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Efficiently routing queries to the optimal large language model (LLM) is crucial for optimizing the cost-performance trade-off in multi-model systems. However, most existing routers rely on single-model selection, making them susceptible to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sai Hao , Hao Zeng , Hongxin Wei , Bingyi Jing

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer extensive knowledge across various domains, but they may inadvertently memorize sensitive, unauthorized, or malicious data, such as personal information in the medical and financial sectors. Machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 YuXuan Wu , Bonaventure F. P. Dossou , Dianbo Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are powerful tools but are often expensive to deploy at scale. LLM query routing mitigates this by dynamically assigning queries to models of varying cost and quality to obtain a desired trade-off. Prior query…

Robot models, particularly those trained with large amounts of data, have recently shown a plethora of real-world manipulation and navigation capabilities. Several independent efforts have shown that given sufficient training data in an…

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