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This study addresses the gap in the literature concerning the comparative performance of LLMs in interpreting different types of figurative language across multiple languages. By evaluating LLMs using two multilingual datasets on simile and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Paria Khoshtab , Danial Namazifard , Mostafa Masoudi , Ali Akhgary , Samin Mahdizadeh Sani , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh

Modern tokenizers employ deterministic algorithms to map text into a single "canonical" token sequence, yet the same string can be encoded as many non-canonical tokenizations using the tokenizer vocabulary. In this work, we investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Brian Siyuan Zheng , Alisa Liu , Orevaoghene Ahia , Jonathan Hayase , Yejin Choi , Noah A. Smith

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong generalization across tasks in high-resource languages; however, their linguistic competence in low-resource and morphologically rich languages such as Tamil remains largely unexplored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jeyarajalingam Varsha , Menan Velayuthan , Sumirtha Karunakaran , Rasan Nivethiga , Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran

We present a novel approach to data preparation for developing multilingual Indic large language model. Our meticulous data acquisition spans open-source and proprietary sources, including Common Crawl, Indic books, news articles, and…

Large Language Models (LLMs) solve many reasoning tasks via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, but smaller models (about 7 to 8B parameters) still struggle with multi-step reasoning under tight compute and token budgets. Existing test time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sagnik Chatterjee , Atharva Patil , Sricharan Ramesh

The widespread online communication in a modern multilingual world has provided opportunities to blend more than one language (aka code-mixed language) in a single utterance. This has resulted a formidable challenge for the computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Kartik Kartik , Sanjana Soni , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Tanmoy Chakraborty , Md Shad Akhtar

In the present article, we identified the qualitative differences between Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Neural Machine Translation (NMT) outputs. We have tried to answer two important questions: 1. Does NMT perform equivalently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-13 Sainik Kumar Mahata , Soumil Mandal , Dipankar Das , Sivaji Bandyopadhyay

Modern language models are internally -- and mathematically -- distributions over $\it{token}$ strings rather than $\it{character}$ strings, posing numerous challenges for programmers building user applications on top of them. For example,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Tim Vieira , Ben LeBrun , Mario Giulianelli , Juan Luis Gastaldi , Brian DuSell , John Terilla , Timothy J. O'Donnell , Ryan Cotterell

Text Generation has achieved remarkable performance using large language models. It has also been recently well-studied that these large language models are capable of creative generation tasks but prominently for high-resource languages.…

Training of a tokenizer plays an important role in the performance of deep learning models. This research aims to understand the performance of tokenizers in five state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) in the Assamese language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Sagar Tamang , Dibya Jyoti Bora

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on the Key-Value (KV) Cache to store token history, enabling efficient decoding of tokens. As the KV-Cache grows, it becomes a major memory and computation bottleneck. However, there is an opportunity to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yash Akhauri , Ahmed F AbouElhamayed , Yifei Gao , Chi-Chih Chang , Sameh Gobriel , Nilesh Jain , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Tokenization remains a fundamental yet underexplored bottleneck in natural language processing, with strategies largely static despite remarkable progress in model architectures. We present SupraTok, a novel tokenization architecture that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Andrei-Valentin Tănase , Elena Pelican

Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini, and DeepSeek are transforming software engineering by automating key tasks, including code generation, testing, and debugging. As these models become integral to development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Everton Guimaraes , Nathalia Nascimento , Chandan Shivalingaiah , Asish Nelapati

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in Machine Translation (MT) tasks. However, their MT abilities in the context of code-switching (the practice of mixing two or more languages in an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Ayushman Gupta , Akhil Bhogal , Kripabandhu Ghosh

While many languages possess processes of joining two or more words to create compound words, previous studies have been typically limited only to languages with excessively productive compound formation (e.g., German, Dutch) and there is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Benjamin Minixhofer , Jonas Pfeiffer , Ivan Vulić

In this preliminary study, we investigate a GPT-driven intent-based reasoning approach to streamline tool selection for large language models (LLMs) aimed at system efficiency. By identifying the intent behind user prompts at runtime, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Michael Fore , Simranjit Singh , Dimitrios Stamoulis

Since ChatGPT released its API for public use, the number of applications built on top of commercial large language models (LLMs) increase exponentially. One popular usage of such models is leveraging its in-context learning ability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Junyi Liu , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Bowen Wang , Yiming Qian

End-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) systems have been developed for European languages like English and Spanish with state-of-the-art speech quality, prosody, and naturalness. However, development of end-to-end TTS for Indian languages is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Ankur Debnath , Shridevi S Patil , Gangotri Nadiger , Ramakrishnan Angarai Ganesan

Large language models (LLMs) for code rely on subword tokenizers, such as byte-pair encoding (BPE), learned from mixed natural language text and programming language code but driven by statistics rather than grammar. As a result,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yinxi Li , Yuntian Deng , Pengyu Nie

Although LLMs have attained significant success in high-resource languages, their capacity in low-resource linguistic environments like Kannada and Arabic is not yet fully understood. This work benchmarking the performance of multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maitha Alshehhi , Ahmed Sharshar , Mohsen Guizani