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Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to have limited extrapolation ability beyond their pre-trained context window, constraining their application in downstream tasks with lengthy inputs. Recent studies have sought to extend LLMs' context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Yikai Zhang , Junlong Li , Pengfei Liu

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to a significant increase in automated tools in the software engineering, capable of performing various code-related tasks such as code generation, completion, and translation.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Madhusudan Ghosh , Rishabh Gupta

Large language models (LLMs), although having revolutionized many fields, still suffer from the challenging extrapolation problem, where the inference ability of LLMs sharply declines beyond their max training lengths. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Xin Ma , Yang Liu , Jingjing Liu , Xiaoxu Ma

Built upon the Transformer, large language models (LLMs) have captured worldwide attention due to their remarkable abilities. Nevertheless, all Transformer-based models including LLMs suffer from a preset length limit and can hardly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Liang Zhao , Xiachong Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Dongliang Xu , Qing Yang , Hongtao Liu , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Enabling LLMs to handle lengthy context is currently a research hotspot. Most LLMs are built upon rotary position embedding (RoPE), a popular position encoding method. Therefore, a prominent path is to extrapolate the RoPE trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Meizhi Zhong , Chen Zhang , Yikun Lei , Xikai Liu , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Kehai Chen , Min Zhang

The extrapolation capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) based on Rotary Position Embedding is currently a topic of considerable interest. The mainstream approach to addressing extrapolation with LLMs involves modifying RoPE by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Xiaoran Liu , Hang Yan , Shuo Zhang , Chenxin An , Xipeng Qiu , Dahua Lin

Large language models (LLMs) experience significant performance degradation when the input exceeds the pretraining context window, primarily due to the out-of-distribution (OOD) behavior of Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE). Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Sikui Zhang , Guangze Gao , Ziyun Gan , Chunfeng Yuan , Zefeng Lin , Houwen Peng , Bing Li , Weiming Hu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to process and generate coherent context when the number of input tokens exceeds the pre-trained length. Recent advancements in long-context extension have significantly expanded the context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Yi Lu , Wanxu Zhao , Xin Zhou , Chenxin An , Chenglong Wang , Shuo Li , Yuming Yang , Jun Zhao , Tao Ji , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Modern large language models (LLMs) that rely on attention mechanisms are typically trained with fixed context lengths which enforce upper limits on the length of input sequences that they can handle at evaluation time. To use these models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Arka Pal , Deep Karkhanis , Manley Roberts , Samuel Dooley , Arvind Sundararajan , Siddartha Naidu

Positional encoding plays a crucial role in transformers, significantly impacting model performance and length generalization. Prior research has introduced absolute positional encoding (APE) and relative positional encoding (RPE) to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Chuanyang Zheng , Yihang Gao , Han Shi , Minbin Huang , Jingyao Li , Jing Xiong , Xiaozhe Ren , Michael Ng , Xin Jiang , Zhenguo Li , Yu Li

Embedding models play a pivot role in modern NLP applications such as IR and RAG. While the context limit of LLMs has been pushed beyond 1 million tokens, embedding models are still confined to a narrow context window not exceeding 8k…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Dawei Zhu , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Yifan Song , Wenhao Wu , Furu Wei , Sujian Li

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) are pioneering advances in many natural language processing tasks, however, their exceptional capabilities are restricted within the preset context window of Transformer. Position Embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Guanzheng Chen , Xin Li , Zaiqiao Meng , Shangsong Liang , Lidong Bing

The ability to process ultra-long contexts is crucial for large language models (LLMs) to perform long-horizon tasks. While recent efforts have extended context windows to 1M and beyond, model performance degrades when sequence length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Simin Huo

Extending large language models (LLMs) to process longer inputs is crucial for a wide range of applications. However, the substantial computational cost of transformers and limited generalization of positional encoding restrict the size of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Howard Yen , Tianyu Gao , Danqi Chen

Many positional encodings (PEs) are designed to exhibit long-term decay, based on an entrenched and long-standing inductive opinion: tokens farther away from the current position carry less relevant information. We argue that long-term…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yuhan Chen , Ang Lv , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Wei Liu

Transformers rely on both content-based and position-based addressing mechanisms to make predictions, but existing positional encoding techniques often diminish the effectiveness of position-based addressing. Many current methods enforce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Jiajun Zhu , Peihao Wang , Ruisi Cai , Jason D. Lee , Pan Li , Zhangyang Wang

Positional encoding is essential for large language models (LLMs) to represent sequence order, yet recent studies show that Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) can induce massive activation. We investigate the source of these instabilities via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jing Xiong , Liyang Fan , Hui Shen , Zunhai Su , Min Yang , Lingpeng Kong , Ngai Wong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse applications, yet their deployment remains challenging due to substantial computational costs, memory requirements, and energy consumption. Recent empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kaito Tanaka , Masato Ito , Yuji Nishimura , Keisuke Matsuda , Aya Nakayama

In the realm of large-scale language models, a significant challenge arises when extrapolating sequences beyond the maximum allowable length. This is because the model's position embedding mechanisms are limited to positions encountered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yui Oka , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Kuniko Saito

We present Adjacent Possible Exploration (APE), a selective fine-tuning method for adapting large language models that systematically explores parameter modifications while maintaining model stability. Inspired by evolutionary optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Javier Marín
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