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Educational NLP systems are typically evaluated using engagement metrics and satisfaction surveys, which are at best a proxy for meeting pedagogical goals. We introduce six computational metrics for automated evaluation of pedagogical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Sebastian Kobler , Matthew Clemson , Angela Sun , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

In response to the exponential growth in the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications, educators, researchers and policymakers have taken steps to integrate artificial intelligence applications into K-12 education.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yasmin Kafai , José Ramón Lizárraga , R. Benjamin Shapiro

This chapter focuses on the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in science assessments. The paper begins with a discussion of the Framework for K-12 Science Education, which calls for a shift from…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-05-14 Xiaoming Zhai

Learning analytics (LA) is data collection, analysis, and representation of data about learners in order to improve their learning and performance. Furthermore, LA opens the door to opportunities for self-regulated learning in higher…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Saša Brdnik , Boštjan Šumak , Vili Podgorelec

Humans can be notoriously imperfect evaluators. They are often biased, unreliable, and unfit to define "ground truth." Yet, given the surging need to produce large amounts of training data in educational applications using AI, traditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Danielle R. Thomas , Conrad Borchers , Kenneth R. Koedinger

This study explores the perceptions of 213 Filipino teachers toward AI detection tools in academic settings. It focuses on the factors that influence teachers' trust, concerns, and decision-making regarding these tools. The research…

This study investigated potential scoring biases and disparities toward English Language Learners (ELLs) when using automatic scoring systems for middle school students' written responses to science assessments. We specifically focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Shuchen Guo , Yun Wang , Jichao Yu , Xuansheng Wu , Bilgehan Ayik , Field M. Watts , Ehsan Latif , Ninghao Liu , Lei Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

Background: Student engagement (SE) in virtual learning can have a major impact on meeting learning objectives and program dropout risks. Developing Artificial Intelligence (AI) models for automatic SE measurement requires annotated…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Shehroz S. Khan , Ali Abedi , Tracey Colella

Grading project reports are increasingly significant in today's educational landscape, where they serve as key assessments of students' comprehensive problem-solving abilities. However, it remains challenging due to the multifaceted…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zixin Chen , Jiachen Wang , Yumeng Li , Haobo Li , Chuhan Shi , Rong Zhang , Huamin Qu

Lack of reliability is a well-known issue for reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. This problem has gained increasing attention in recent years, and efforts to improve it have grown substantially. To aid RL researchers and production…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-14 Stephanie C. Y. Chan , Samuel Fishman , John Canny , Anoop Korattikara , Sergio Guadarrama

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Standard benchmarks of bias and fairness in large language models (LLMs) measure the association between the user attributes stated or implied by a prompt and the LLM's short text response, but human-AI interaction increasingly requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Kristian Lum , Jacy Reese Anthis , Kevin Robinson , Chirag Nagpal , Alexander D'Amour

This paper introduces a mathematical framework for defining and quantifying self-identity in artificial intelligence (AI) systems, addressing a critical gap in the theoretical foundations of artificial consciousness. While existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Minhyeok Lee

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) outcomes serve as input for downstream tasks, substantially impacting the satisfaction level of end-users. Hence, the diagnosis and enhancement of the vulnerabilities present in the ASR model bear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Seonmin Koo , Chanjun Park , Jinsung Kim , Jaehyung Seo , Sugyeong Eo , Hyeonseok Moon , Heuiseok Lim

As educational settings increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI), understanding how AI tools identify -- and adapt their responses to -- varied educational contexts becomes paramount. This study examines conversational AI's…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Alex Liu , Lief Esbenshade , Min Sun , Shawon Sarkar , Jian He , Victor Tian , Zachary Zhang

As design thinking education grows in secondary and tertiary contexts, educators face the challenge of evaluating creative artefacts that combine visual and textual elements. Traditional rubric-based assessment is laborious, time-consuming,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Sumbul Khan , Wei Ting Liow , Lay Kee Ang

The use of large language models to assess user states in conversational and adaptive systems is based on the assumption that the metrics used for such assessment are stable and interpretable at the level of individual scores. This paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Izabella Krzeminska , Michal Butkiewicz , Ewa Komkowska

As generative artificial intelligence (AI) continues to transform education, most existing AI evaluations rely primarily on technical performance metrics such as accuracy or task efficiency while overlooking human identity, learner agency,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shi Ding , Brian Magerko

Artificial Intelligence (AI) education is an increasingly popular topic area for K-12 teachers. However, little research has investigated how AI education can be designed to be more accessible to all learners. We organized co-design…

Physics Education · Physics 2020-09-24 Jessica Van Brummelen , Phoebe Lin

Automated essay scoring (AES) research often relies on rank-based correlation metrics to validate analytic assessment. However, such metrics obscure both intrinsic intercorrelations among analytic dimensions that arise from the structure of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Stefano Bannò , Kate Knill , Mark Gales