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Most quantum machine learning (QML) pipelines still rely on static encodings such as angle and amplitude maps, and this limits their ability to handle temporal information. To address this limitation, this paper uses spike-based data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Nouhaila Innan , Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique

Block encoding of sparse matrices underpins powerful quantum algorithms such as quantum singular value transformation, Hamiltonian simulation, and quantum linear solvers, yet its efficient gate-level realization for general sparse matrices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Abhishek Setty

Quantum signal processing combined with quantum eigenvalue transformation has recently emerged as a unifying framework for several quantum algorithms. In its standard form, it consists of two separate routines: block encoding, which encodes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-25 Martina Nibbi , Christian B. Mendl

Three block encoding methods are evaluated for solving linear systems of equations using QSVT (Quantum Singular Value Transformation). These are ARCSIN, FABLE and PREPARE-SELECT. The performance of the encoders is evaluated using a suite of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Leigh Lapworth

Lowering the resource overhead needed to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation is crucial to building scalable quantum computers. We show that adapting conventional maximum likelihood (ML) decoders to a small subset of efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Pavithran Iyer , Aditya Jain , Stephen D. Bartlett , Joseph Emerson

Block-encoding is a foundational technique in modern quantum algorithms, enabling the implementation of non-unitary operations by embedding them into larger unitary matrices. While theoretically powerful and essential for advanced protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Matic Petrič , René Zander

Recent advances in Transformer models allow for unprecedented sequence lengths, due to linear space and time complexity. In the meantime, relative positional encoding (RPE) was proposed as beneficial for classical Transformers and consists…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Antoine Liutkus , Ondřej Cífka , Shih-Lun Wu , Umut Şimşekli , Yi-Hsuan Yang , Gaël Richard

Transformers rely on both content-based and position-based addressing mechanisms to make predictions, but existing positional encoding techniques often diminish the effectiveness of position-based addressing. Many current methods enforce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Jiajun Zhu , Peihao Wang , Ruisi Cai , Jason D. Lee , Pan Li , Zhangyang Wang

Artificial intelligence (AI) provides an alternative way to design channel coding with affordable complexity. However, most existing studies can only learn codes for a given size and rate, typically defined by a fixed network architecture…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Yukun Cheng , Wei Chen , Tianwei Hou , Geoffrey Ye Li , Bo Ai

We introduce Unitaria, a Python library that brings the simplicity of classical linear algebra toolkits such as NumPy and SciPy to the implementation of quantum algorithms based on block encodings, a general-purpose abstraction in which a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Matthias Deiml , Oliver Hüttenhofer , Ram Mosco , Jakob S. Kottmann , Daniel Peterseim

We construct an explicit quantum coding scheme which achieves a communication rate not less than the coherent information when used to transmit quantum information over a noisy quantum channel. For Pauli and erasure channels we also present…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-10 Joseph M. Renes , David Sutter , Frédéric Dupuis , Renato Renner

Quantum stabilizer codes (QSCs) suffer from a low quantum coding rate, since they have to recover the quantum bits (qubits) in the face of both bit-flip and phase-flip errors. In this treatise, we conceive a low-complexity concatenated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Daryus Chandra , Zunaira Babar , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Quantum dense coding plays an important role in quantum cryptography communication, and how to select a set of appropriate unitary operators to encode message is the primary work in the design of quantum communication protocols. Shukla et…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-14 Wenjie Liu , Junxiu Chen , Wenbin Yu , Zhihao Liu , Hanwu Chen

Pauli Correlation Encoding (PCE) compresses $m$ binary variables onto $n=O(m^{1/k})$ qubits by mapping them to commuting Pauli correlators, but its continuous expectation values must be decoded into feasible binary solutions, a challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Triet Friedhoff , Mihir Metkar , Wade Davis , Vaibhaw Kumar , Alexey Galda

Estimating the expectation value of an operator corresponding to an observable is a fundamental task in quantum computation. It is often impossible to obtain such estimates directly, as the computer is restricted to measuring in a fixed…

Quantum fully homomorphic encryption (QFHE) allows to evaluate quantum circuits on encrypted data. We present a novel QFHE scheme, which extends Pauli one-time pad encryption by relying on the quaternion representation of SU(2). With the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Guangsheng Ma , Hongbo Li

Quantum circuits naturally implement unitary operations on input quantum states. However, non-unitary operations can also be implemented through block encodings, where additional ancilla qubits are introduced and later measured. While block…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Martina Nibbi , Filippo Della Chiara , Yizhi Shen , Aaron Szasz , Roel Van Beeumen

We present a theory of quantum serial turbo-codes, describe their iterative decoding algorithm, and study their performances numerically on a depolarization channel. Our construction offers several advantages over quantum LDPC codes. First,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-06-10 David Poulin , Jean-Pierre Tillich , Harold Ollivier

Quantum linear system solvers like the Quantum Singular Value Transformation (QSVT) require a block encoding of the system matrix $A$ within a unitary operator $U_A$. Unfortunately, block encoding often results in significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Leigh Lapworth , Christoph Sünderhauf

We propose an efficient algorithm for partitioning Pauli strings into subgroups, which can be simultaneously measured in a single quantum circuit. Our partitioning algorithm drastically reduces the total number of measurements in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-07 Tomochika Kurita , Mikio Morita , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato