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Large language models (LLMs) typically receive diverse natural language (NL) feedback through interaction with the environment. However, current reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms rely solely on scalar rewards, leaving the rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Lei Huang , Xiang Cheng , Chenxiao Zhao , Guobin Shen , Junjie Yang , Xiaocheng Feng , Yuxuan Gu , Xing Yu , Bing Qin

As large language models (LLMs) advance across diverse tasks, the need for comprehensive evaluation beyond single metrics becomes increasingly important. To fully assess LLM intelligence, it is crucial to examine their interactive dynamics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Junhao Chen , Jingbo Sun , Xiang Li , Haidong Xin , Yuhao Xue , Yibin Xu , Hao Zhao

Learning open-vocabulary physical skills for simulated agents presents a significant challenge in artificial intelligence. Current reinforcement learning approaches face critical limitations: manually designed rewards lack scalability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Jieming Cui , Tengyu Liu , Ziyu Meng , Jiale Yu , Ran Song , Wei Zhang , Yixin Zhu , Siyuan Huang

Implementing board games in code can be a time-consuming task. However, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been proven effective at generating code for domain-specific tasks with simple contextual information. We aim to investigate whether…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for facilitating the self-improvement of large language models (LLMs), particularly in the domain of complex reasoning tasks. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ziru Liu , Cheng Gong , Xinyu Fu , Yaofang Liu , Ran Chen , Shoubo Hu , Suiyun Zhang , Rui Liu , Qingfu Zhang , Dandan Tu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have expanded their capabilities beyond traditional text-based tasks to multimodal domains, integrating visual, auditory, and textual data. While multimodal LLMs have been extensively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Nicholas R. Waytowich , Devin White , MD Sunbeam , Vinicius G. Goecks

The generalization ability of most meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) methods is largely limited to test tasks that are sampled from the same distribution used to sample training tasks. To overcome the limitation, we propose Latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Suyoung Lee , Sae-Young Chung

Large language models demonstrate strong problem-solving abilities through reasoning techniques such as chain-of-thought prompting and reflection. However, it remains unclear whether these reasoning capabilities extend to a form of social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yuxuan Li , Hirokazu Shirado

Game design hinges on understanding how static rules and content translate into dynamic player behavior - something modern generative systems that inspect only a game's code or assets struggle to capture. We present an automated design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Alex Zook , Josef Spjut , Jonathan Tremblay

Defining a constructive process to build general capabilities for language models in an automatic manner is considered an open problem in artificial intelligence. Towards this, we consider the problem of building a curriculum of tasks that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Clément Hongler , Franck Gabriel , Valentin Hartmann , Arthur Renard , Andrew Emil

Large Language Models (LLMs) define probability measures on text. By considering the implicit knowledge question of what it means for an LLM to know such a measure and what it entails algorithmically, we are naturally led to formulate a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Clément Hongler , Andrew Emil

Large Language Models (LLMs) show potential as sequential decision-making agents, but their application is often limited due to a reliance on large, computationally expensive models. This creates a need to improve smaller models, yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Jim Dilkes , Vahid Yazdanpanah , Sebastian Stein

Development of guidance, navigation and control frameworks/algorithms for swarms attracted significant attention in recent years. That being said, algorithms for planning swarm allocations/trajectories for engaging with enemy swarms is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Umut Demir , A. Sadik Satir , Gulay Goktas Sever , Cansu Yikilmaz , Nazim Kemal Ure

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for tasks that require complex reasoning. Most benchmarks focus on final outcomes but overlook the intermediate reasoning steps - such as planning, revision, and decision making under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xiaopeng Yuan , Xingjian Zhang , Ke Xu , Yifan Xu , Lijun Yu , Jindong Wang , Yushun Dong , Haohan Wang

Modeling subrational agents, such as humans or economic households, is inherently challenging due to the difficulty in calibrating reinforcement learning models or collecting data that involves human subjects. Existing work highlights the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Andrea Coletta , Kshama Dwarakanath , Penghang Liu , Svitlana Vyetrenko , Tucker Balch

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in generating program code, opening exciting opportunities for applying program synthesis to games. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs to directly synthesize usable…

Vision-language reinforcement learning (RL) has primarily focused on narrow domains (e.g. geometry or chart reasoning). This leaves broader training scenarios and resources underexplored, limiting the exploration and learning of Vision…

Decision-making is a complex process requiring diverse abilities, making it an excellent framework for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs). Researchers have examined LLMs' decision-making through the lens of Game Theory. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jen-tse Huang , Eric John Li , Man Ho Lam , Tian Liang , Wenxuan Wang , Youliang Yuan , Wenxiang Jiao , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael R. Lyu

Intent detection, a critical component in task-oriented dialogue (TOD) systems, faces significant challenges in adapting to the rapid influx of integrable tools with complex interrelationships. Existing approaches, such as zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zihao Feng , Xiaoxue Wang , Ziwei Bai , Donghang Su , Bowen Wu , Qun Yu , Baoxun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex reasoning tasks such as mathematics and coding, yet they frequently struggle with simple interactive tasks that young children perform effortlessly. This discrepancy highlights a critical gap…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yi Liao , Yu Gu , Yuan Sui , Zining Zhu , Yifan Lu , Guohua Tang , Zhongqian Sun , Wei Yang
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