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Quantum three box paradox is a prototypical example of some bizarre predictions for intermediate measurements made on pre- and post-selected systems. Although in principle those effects can be explained by measurement disturbance, it is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 Pawel Blasiak , Ewa Borsuk

Much of our experiments are designed to uncover the cause(s) and effect(s) behind a data generating mechanism (i.e., phenomenon) we happen to be interested in. Uncovering such relationships allows us to identify the true working of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 M. Z. Naser

We provide a unified operational framework for the study of causality, non-locality and contextuality, in a fully device-independent and theory-independent setting. We define causaltopes, our chosen portmanteau of "causal polytopes", for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Stefano Gogioso , Nicola Pinzani

Recovering a unique causal graph from observational data is an ill-posed problem because multiple generating mechanisms can lead to the same observational distribution. This problem becomes solvable only by exploiting specific structural or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Ameya Rathod , Sujay Belsare , Salvik Krishna Nautiyal , Dhruv Laad , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Distributional robustness is a central goal of prediction algorithms due to the prevalent distribution shifts in real-world data. The prediction model aims to minimize the worst-case risk among a class of distributions, a.k.a., an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Marin Šola , Peter Bühlmann , Xinwei Shen

Black hole complementarity posits that the interior of a black hole is not independent from its Hawking radiation. This leads to an apparent violation of causality: the interior can be acausally affected by operators acting solely on the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-09-26 Benjamin Concepcion , Yasunori Nomura , Kyle Ritchie , Samuel Weiss

Much of the causal discovery literature prioritises guaranteeing the identifiability of causal direction in statistical models. For structures within a Markov equivalence class, this requires strong assumptions which may not hold in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-29 Anish Dhir , Samuel Power , Mark van der Wilk

Causal discovery aims to recover causal structures generating the observational data. Despite its success in certain problems, in many real-world scenarios the observed variables are not the target variables of interest, but the imperfect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Haoyue Dai , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Explaining observations in terms of causes and effects is central to all of empirical science. Correlations between entangled quantum particles, however, seem to defy such an explanation. To recover a causal picture in this case, some of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-05 M. Ringbauer , C. Giarmatzi , R. Chaves , F. Costa , A. G. White , A. Fedrizzi

In holography, two manifestations of the black hole information paradox are given by the non-isometric nature of the bulk-boundary map and by the factorisation puzzle. By considering time-shifted microstates of the eternal black hole, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-11-15 Souvik Banerjee , Johanna Erdmenger , Jonathan Karl

Bell inequalities follow from a set of seemingly natural assumptions about how to provide a causal model of a Bell experiment. In the face of their violation, two types of causal models that modify some of these assumptions have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-11 Patrick J. Daley , Kevin J. Resch , Robert W. Spekkens

Beneficial to advanced computing devices, models with massive parameters are increasingly employed to extract more information to enhance the precision in describing and predicting the patterns of objective systems. This phenomenon is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Liye Jia , Fengyufan Yang , Ka Lok Man , Erick Purwanto , Sheng-Uei Guan , Jeremy Smith , Yutao Yue

A fundamental challenge of scientific research is inferring causal relations based on observed data. One commonly used approach involves utilizing structural causal models that postulate noisy functional relations among interacting…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-13 David Strieder , Mathias Drton

In AdS/CFT, two-sided black holes are described by states in the tensor product of two Hilbert spaces associated with the two asymptotic boundaries of the spacetime. Understanding how such a tensor product arises from the bulk perspective…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-06-10 Jan Boruch , Luca V. Iliesiu , Guanda Lin , Cynthia Yan

After coarse-graining a complex system, the dynamics of its macro-state may exhibit more pronounced causal effects than those of its micro-state. This phenomenon, known as causal emergence, is quantified by the indicator of effective…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Kaiwei Liu , Bing Yuan , Jiang Zhang

Model interpretability plays a central role in human-AI decision-making systems. Ideally, explanations should be expressed using human-interpretable semantic concepts. Moreover, the causal relations between these concepts should be captured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Ricardo Moreira , Jacopo Bono , Mário Cardoso , Pedro Saleiro , Mário A. T. Figueiredo , Pedro Bizarro

Background: Symbolic models, particularly decision trees, are widely used in software engineering for explainable analytics in defect prediction, configuration tuning, and software quality assessment. Most of these models rely on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Amirali Rayegan , Tim Menzies

Inferring the causal structure that links n observables is usually based upon detecting statistical dependences and choosing simple graphs that make the joint measure Markovian. Here we argue why causal inference is also possible when only…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-04-24 Dominik Janzing , Bernhard Schoelkopf

Entanglement islands play an essential role in the recent breakthrough in resolving the black hole information paradox. However, whether entanglement islands can exist in massless gravity theories is controversial. It is found that…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-04-12 Rong-Xin Miao

We explicitly compute the causal structure of the Schwarzschild black hole spacetime, by providing an algorithm to decide if any pair of events is causally related. The primary motivation for this study comes from discrete quantum gravity,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-13 Song He , David Rideout