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Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values and safety constraints is challenging, especially when objectives like helpfulness, truthfulness, and avoidance of harm conflict. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Xuying Li , Zhuo Li , Yuji Kosuga , Victor Bian

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising approach for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, it struggles to effectively balance the tradeoff between exploration and exploitation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Cheng Wang , Qin Liu , Wenxuan Zhou , Muhao Chen

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown that reasoning ability can be significantly enhanced through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the de…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jingyu Zhou , Lu Ma , Hao Liang , Chengyu Shen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) offers a robust mechanism for enhancing mathematical reasoning in large models. However, we identify a systematic lack of emphasis on more challenging questions in existing methods from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yanqi Dai , Yuxiang Ji , Xiao Zhang , Yong Wang , Xiangxiang Chu , Zhiwu Lu

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning, particularly through Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), have significantly improved multimodal large language models for complex reasoning tasks. However, two critical limitations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jisheng Dang , Jingze Wu , Teng Wang , Xuanhui Lin , Nannan Zhu , Hongbo Chen , Wei-Shi Zheng , Meng Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Reinforcement Learning with Verified Reward (RLVR) has emerged as a critical paradigm for advancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Most existing RLVR methods, such as GRPO and its variants, ensure stable updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Qingyuan Wu , Yuhui Wang , Simon Sinong Zhan , Yanning Dai , Shilong Deng , Sarra Habchi , Qi Zhu , Matthias Gallé , Chao Huang

Post-training plays a crucial role in refining and aligning large language models to meet specific tasks and human preferences. While recent advancements in post-training techniques, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Kaichen Zhang , Yuzhong Hong , Junwei Bao , Hongfei Jiang , Yang Song , Dingqian Hong , Hui Xiong

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a cornerstone for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs), with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) serving as the de facto standard algorithm. Despite its ubiquity, we argue that the core ratio…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Penghui Qi , Xiangxin Zhou , Zichen Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Min Lin , Wee Sun Lee

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated notable success in enhancing the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs). However, recent studies reveal that while current RLVR methods improve sampling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yang Xu , Kun Yao , Yiming Deng , Zheng Fang , Kai Ming Ting , Ming Pang

Group-advantage-based reinforcement learning methods, such as GRPO and DAPO, have demonstrated strong performance across diverse domains, including mathematical reasoning and text-to-image generation. However, their reliance on sample-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shufan Li , Konstantinos Kallidromitis , Akash Gokul Yusuke Kato , Kazuki Kozuka , Aditya Grover

Reinforcement learning (RL) with group relative policy optimization (GRPO) has become a widely adopted approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While GRPO enables long-chain reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Haowen Gao , Zhenyu Zhang , Liang Pang , Fangda Guo , Hongjian Dou , Guannan Lv , Shaoguo Liu , Tingting Gao , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Recent applications of Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) to Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated significant success in enhancing reasoning capabilities for complex tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Fanfan Liu , Youyang Yin , Peng Shi , Siqi Yang , Zhixiong Zeng , Haibo Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in solving complex mathematical problems, yet they still fall short of producing accurate and consistent solutions. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a framework for aligning these models with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hatamizadeh , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Igor Gitman , Ximing Lu , Seungju Han , Wei Ping , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz

Regulating the importance ratio is critical for the training stability of Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) based frameworks. However, prevailing ratio control methods, such as hard clipping, suffer from non-differentiable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hongjun Wang , Wei Liu , Weibo Gu , Xing Sun , Kai Han

Recent large reasoning models (LRMs) driven by reinforcement learning algorithms (e.g., GRPO) have achieved remarkable performance on challenging reasoning tasks. However, these models suffer from overthinking, generating unnecessarily long…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gang Li , Yan Chen , Ming Lin , Tianbao Yang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising paradigm for post-training reasoning models. However, group-based methods such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) face a critical dilemma in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yuning Wu , Ke Wang , Devin Chen , Kai Wei

Improving and understanding the training dynamics and reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become essential for their deployment in AI-based security tools, such as software vulnerability detection. In this work, we present an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Marco Simoni , Aleksandar Fontana , Giulio Rossolini , Andrea Saracino

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has achieved remarkable success in improving autoregressive models, especially in domains requiring correctness like mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chenxing Wei , Jiazhen Kang , Hong Wang , Jianqing Zhang , Hao Jiang , Xiaolong Xu , Ningyuan Sun , Ying He , F. Richard Yu , Yao Shu , Bo Jiang

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has proven effective in RLVR by using outcome-based rewards. While fine-grained dense rewards can theoretically improve performance, we reveal that under practical sampling budgets, Monte Carlo…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Fengwei Teng , Jinyi Bai , Xinhao Yao , Demi Ruohan Wang , Jiahao Zhao , Zhijiang Guo

Despite their sophisticated general-purpose capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) often fail to align with diverse individual preferences because standard post-training methods, like Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF),…