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Background: As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in healthcare and medical consultation settings, a growing concern is whether these models can respond to medical inquiries in a manner that is ethically…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hanhui Xu , Jiacheng Ji , Haoan Jin , Han Ying , Mengyue Wu

Generative large language models present significant potential but also raise critical ethical concerns, including issues of safety, fairness, robustness, and reliability. Most existing ethical studies, however, are limited by their narrow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Yıldırım Özen , Burak Erinç Çetin , Kaan Engür , Elif Naz Demiryılmaz , Cagri Toraman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have increasingly become pivotal in content generation with notable societal impact. These models hold the potential to generate content that could be deemed harmful.Efforts to mitigate this risk include…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kexin Chen , Yi Liu , Dongxia Wang , Jiaying Chen , Wenhai Wang

Assessing Large Language Models'(LLMs) underlying value differences enables comprehensive comparison of their misalignment, cultural adaptability, and biases. Nevertheless, current value measurement methods face the informativeness…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jing Yao , Shitong Duan , Xiaoyuan Yi , Dongkuan Xu , Peng Zhang , Tun Lu , Ning Gu , Zhicheng Dou , Xing Xie

This paper examines the ethical considerations and implications of large language models (LLMs) in generating content. It highlights the potential for both positive and negative uses of generative AI programs and explores the challenges in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jianyi Zhang , Xu Ji , Zhangchi Zhao , Xiali Hei , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) started a serious discussion among educators on how LLMs would affect, e.g., curricula, assessments, and students' competencies. Generative AI and LLMs also raised ethical questions and concerns…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Virginia Grande , Natalie Kiesler , Maria Andreina Francisco R

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled at language understanding and generating human-level text. However, even with supervised training and human alignment, these LLMs are susceptible to adversarial attacks where malicious users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Shachi H Kumar , Saurav Sahay , Sahisnu Mazumder , Eda Okur , Ramesh Manuvinakurike , Nicole Beckage , Hsuan Su , Hung-yi Lee , Lama Nachman

Automatic essay scoring (AES) refers to the process of scoring free text responses to given prompts, considering human grader scores as the gold standard. Writing such essays is an essential component of many language and aptitude exams.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Sowmya Vajjala

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in Automated Essay Scoring (AES) due to their ability to capture semantic meaning. Traditional fine-tuning approaches required technical expertise, limiting accessibility for educators with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent an advanced evolution of earlier, simpler language models. They boast enhanced abilities to handle complex language patterns and generate coherent text, images, audios, and videos. Furthermore, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Jun Huang , Jiawei Zhang , Qi Wang , Weihong Han , Yanchun Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in consequential decision-making contexts, systematically assessing their ethical reasoning capabilities becomes a critical imperative. This paper introduces the Priorities in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Chad Coleman , W. Russell Neuman , Ali Dasdan , Safinah Ali , Manan Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scholarly tasks like search and summarization, but their reliability remains uncertain. Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Martin-Boyle , William Humphreys , Martha Brown , Cara Leckey , Harmanpreet Kaur

This paper explores the integration of human-like emotions and ethical considerations into Large Language Models (LLMs). We first model eight fundamental human emotions, presented as opposing pairs, and employ collaborative LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Edward Y. Chang

In recent years, the utilization of large language models for natural language dialogue has gained momentum, leading to their widespread adoption across various domains. However, their universal competence in addressing challenges specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Ruizhe Zhang , Haitao Li , Yueyue Wu , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu , Min Zhang , Shaoping Ma

The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has created new disruptive possibilities for persuasive communication, enabling fully-automated, personalized, and interactive content generation at an unprecedented scale. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Sander Noels , Alexander Rogiers , Maarten Buyl , Tijl De Bie

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly pivotal in various domains due the recent advancements in their performance capabilities. However, concerns persist regarding biases in LLMs, including gender, racial, and cultural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Mijntje Meijer , Hadi Mohammadi , Ayoub Bagheri

People are increasingly using technologies equipped with large language models (LLM) to write texts for formal communication, which raises two important questions at the intersection of technology and society: Who do LLMs write like (model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jinsook Lee , AJ Alvero , Thorsten Joachims , René Kizilcec

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly applied to automated harmful content detection tasks, assisting moderators in identifying policy violations and improving the overall efficiency and accuracy of content review. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Kangwei Liu , Siyuan Cheng , Bozhong Tian , Xiaozhuan Liang , Yuyang Yin , Meng Han , Ningyu Zhang , Bryan Hooi , Xi Chen , Shumin Deng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly trained to align with human values, primarily focusing on task level, i.e., refusing to execute directly harmful tasks. However, a subtle yet crucial content-level ethical question is often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Junjie Chu , Yiting Qu , Ye Leng , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Savvas Zannettou , Yang Zhang