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Molecular clouds exhibit lognormal probability density functions (PDF) of mass densities, which are thought to arise as a consequence of isothermal, supersonic turbulence. Star formation is then widely assumed to occur in perturbations in…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-10-10 Evan Scannapieco , Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh

In a search for the signature of turbulence in the diffuse interstellar medium in gas density distributions, we determined the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the average volume densities of the diffuse gas. The densities were…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 E. M. Berkhuijsen , A. Fletcher

We present an analysis of probability distribution functions (pdfs) of column density in different zones of the star-forming region Perseus and its diffuse environment based on the map of dust opacity at 353 GHz available from the Planck…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-08-06 Orlin Stanchev , Todor V. Veltchev , Jens Kauffmann , Sava Donkov , Rahul Shetty , Bastian Körtgen , Ralf S. Klessen

We have conducted a large-field simultaneous survey of $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO, and C$^{18}$O $J=1-0$ emission toward the Orion A giant molecular cloud (GMC) with a sky coverage of $\sim$ 4.4 deg$^2$ using the PMO-13.7 m millimeter-wavelength…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-05-06 Yuehui Ma , Hongchi Wang , Chong Li , Ji Yang

Recent observations of column densities in molecular clouds find lognormal distributions with power-law high-density tails. These results are often interpreted as indications that supersonic turbulence dominates the dynamics of the observed…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-19 K. Tassis , D. A. Christie , A. Urban , J. L. Pineda , T. Ch. Mouschovias , H. W. Yorke , H. Martel

The one-point probability distribution function (pdf) of the large-scale density field is an important tool to follow the evolution of cosmological structures. In this paper we present a new model for this pdf for all regimes and all…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Patrick Valageas , Dipak Munshi

We compare velocity structure in the Polaris Flare molecular cloud at scales ranging from 0.015 pc to 20 pc to simulations of supersonic hydrodynamic and MHD turbulence computed with the ZEUS MHD code. We use several different statistical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Volker Ossenkopf , Mordecai-Mark Mac Low

Stars form from molecular gas under complex conditions influenced by multiple competing physical mechanisms, such as gravity, turbulence, and magnetic fields. However, accurately identifying the fraction of gas actively involved in star…

We analyse extinction maps of nearby Giant Molecular Clouds to forge a link between driving processes of turbulence and modes of star formation. Our investigation focuses on cloud structure in the column density range above the self…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-28 J. Rowles , D. Froebrich

Observations of the cosmic evolution of different gas phases across time indicate a marked increase in the molecular gas mass density towards $z\sim 2-3$. Such a transformation implies an accompanied change in the global distribution of…

There has been overwhelming evidence that coherent structures play a critical role in determining the overall transport in a variety of systems. We compute the probability distribution function (PDF) tails of momentum flux and heat flux in…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Johan Anderson , Eun-jin Kim

We use the COMPLETE Survey's observations of the Perseus star-forming region to assess and intercompare three methods for measuring column density in molecular clouds: extinction mapping (NIR); thermal emission mapping (FIR); and mapping…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-02-11 Alyssa A. Goodman , Jaime E. Pineda , Scott L. Schnee

To study the interaction of star-formation and turbulent molecular cloud structuring, we analyse numerical models and observations of self-gravitating clouds using the Delta-variance as statistical measure for structural characteristics. In…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Volker Ossenkopf , Ralf Klessen , Fabian Heitsch

Turbulence is a complex phenomenon that plays a critical role in the interstellar medium (ISM). Previous simulations and observations show that the probability density function (PDF) of gas density in isothermal and compressible systems…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-03-26 Xunchuan Liu

We study density fluctuations in supersonic turbulence using both theoretical methods and numerical simulations. A theoretical formulation is developed for the probability distribution function (PDF) of the density at steady state,…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-09-04 Liubin Pan , Paolo Padoan , Åke Nordlund

We use a suite of 3D simulations of star-forming molecular clouds, with and without stellar feedback, magnetic fields, and driven turbulence, to study the compression and expansion rates of the gas as functions of density. We show that,…

Using a suite of self-similar cosmological simulations, we measure the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of real-space density, redshift-space density, and their geometric mean. We find that the real-space density PDF is…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-04-27 Huanqing Chen , Nickolay Y. Gnedin , Philip Mansfield

Sub-millimetre dust emission is often used to derive the column density N of dense interstellar clouds. The observations consist of data at several wavelengths but of variable resolution. We examine two procedures that been proposed for the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-15 M. Juvela , J. Malinen , T. Lunttila

This study is aimed to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular hydrogen distribution in the galaxy M33 by introducing novel methods for generating high angular resolution (18.2$''$, equivalent to 75 pc) column…

Despite the simplicity of theoretical models of supersonically turbulent, isothermal media, their predictions successfully match the observed gas structure and star formation activity within low-pressure (P/k < 10^5 K cm^-3) molecular…