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We show that the product of an nx3 matrix and a 3x3 matrix over a commutative ring can be computed using 6n+3 multiplications. For two 3x3 matrices this gives us an algorithm using 21 multiplications. This is an improvement with respect to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Andreas Rosowski

Volker Strassen first suggested an algorithm to multiply matrices with worst case running time less than the conventional $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ operations in 1969. He also presented a recursive algorithm with which to invert matrices, and…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Zak Tonks

Efficient multiple precision linear numerical computation libraries such as MPLAPACK are critical in dealing with ill-conditioned problems. Specifically, there are optimization methods for matrix multiplication, such as the Strassen…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-07-13 Tomonori Kouya

It is widely known that the lower bound for the algorithmic complexity of square matrix multiplication resorts to at least $n^2$ arithmetic operations. The justification builds upon the following reasoning: given that there are $2 n^2$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Hugo Daniel Macedo

Moosbauer and Poole have recently shown that the multiplication of two $5\times 5$ matrices requires no more than 93 multiplications in the (possibly non-commutative) coefficient ring, and that the multiplication of two $6\times 6$ matrices…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Manuel Kauers , Isaac Wood

Matrix multiplication is a cornerstone operation in a wide array of scientific fields, including machine learning and computer graphics. The standard algorithm for matrix multiplication has a complexity of $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$ for $n\times n$…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Afzal Ahmad , Linfeng Du , Wei Zhang

Matrix multiplication is a fundamental kernel in high performance computing. Many algorithms for fast matrix multiplication can only be applied to enormous matrices ($n>10^{100}$) and thus cannot be used in practice. Of all algorithms…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Oded Schwartz , Eyal Zwecher

Let {\alpha} be the maximal value such that the product of an n x n^{\alpha} matrix by an n^{\alpha} x n matrix can be computed with n^{2+o(1)} arithmetic operations. In this paper we show that \alpha>0.30298, which improves the previous…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-10-05 François Le Gall

We give a short proof for Strassen's result that the rank of the 2 by 2 matrix multiplication tensor is at most 7. The proof requires no calculations and also no pattern matching or other type of nontrivial verification, and is based solely…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Christian Ikenmeyer , Jakob Moosbauer

We show how to construct highly symmetric algorithms for matrix multiplication. In particular, we consider algorithms which decompose the matrix multiplication tensor into a sum of rank-1 tensors, where the decomposition itself consists of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-12-13 Joshua A. Grochow , Cristopher Moore

We explore new approaches for finding matrix multiplication algorithms in the commutative setting by adapting the flip graph technique: a method previously shown to be effective for discovering fast algorithms in the non-commutative case.…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Isaac Wood

Karppa & Kaski (2019) proposed a novel ``broken" or ``opportunistic" matrix multiplication algorithm, based on a variant of Strassen's algorithm, and used this to develop new algorithms for Boolean matrix multiplication, among other tasks.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-05 David G. Harris

Obeying constraints imposed by classical physics, we give optimal fine-grained algorithms for matrix multiplication and problems involving graphs and mazes, where all calculations are done in 3-dimensional space. We assume that whatever the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Quentin F. Stout

The complexity of matrix multiplication is measured in terms of $\omega$, the smallest real number such that two $n\times n$ matrices can be multiplied using $O(n^{\omega+\epsilon})$ field operations for all $\epsilon>0$; the best bound…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Josh Alman , Virginia Vassilevska Williams

The Strassen algorithm and Winograd's variant accelerate matrix multiplication by using fewer arithmetic operations than standard matrix multiplication. Although many papers have been published to accelerate single- as well as…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-10-27 Tomonori Kouya

We present an algorithm to reduce the computational effort for the multiplication of a given matrix with an unknown column vector. The algorithm decomposes the given matrix into a product of matrices whose entries are either zero or integer…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Ralf R. Müller , Bernhard Gäde , Ali Bereyhi

We develop an automated framework for proving lower bounds on the bilinear complexity of matrix multiplication over finite fields. Our approach systematically combines orbit classification of the restricted first matrix and dynamic…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chengu Wang

We propose a strategy for the generation of fast and accurate versions of non-commutative recursive matrix multiplication algorithms. To generate these algorithms, we consider matrix and tensor norm bounds governing the stability and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-25 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Clément Pernet , Alexandre Sedoglavic

A tight $\Omega((n/\sqrt{M})^{\log_2 7}M)$ lower bound is derived on the \io complexity of Strassen's algorithm to multiply two $n \times n$ matrices, in a two-level storage hierarchy with $M$ words of fast memory. A proof technique is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Gianfranco Bilardi , Lorenzo De Stefani

We analyze rank decompositions of the $3\times 3$ matrix multiplication tensor over $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. We restrict our attention to decompositions of rank $\le 21$, as only those decompositions will yield an asymptotically faster…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Jason Yang