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While a lot of recent research focuses on enhancing the textual reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by optimizing the multi-agent framework or reasoning chains, several benchmark tasks can be solved with 100\% success…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yongchao Chen , Harsh Jhamtani , Srinagesh Sharma , Chuchu Fan , Chi Wang

Large language models (LLMs) solve complex problems yet fail on simpler variants, suggesting they achieve correct outputs through mechanisms fundamentally different from human reasoning. To understand this gap, we synthesize cognitive…

The rapid progress in machine learning (ML) has brought forth many large language models (LLMs) that excel in various tasks and areas. These LLMs come with different abilities and costs in terms of computation or pricing. Since the demand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Quang H. Nguyen , Thinh Dao , Duy C. Hoang , Juliette Decugis , Saurav Manchanda , Nitesh V. Chawla , Khoa D. Doan

This paper studies close-loop task planning, which refers to the process of generating a sequence of skills (a plan) to accomplish a specific goal while adapting the plan based on real-time observations. Recently, prompting Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Mengkang Hu , Yao Mu , Xinmiao Yu , Mingyu Ding , Shiguang Wu , Wenqi Shao , Qiguang Chen , Bin Wang , Yu Qiao , Ping Luo

As large language models (LLMs) scale, their inference incurs substantial computational resources, exposing them to energy-latency attacks, where crafted prompts induce high energy and latency cost. Existing attack methods aim to prolong…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Xingyu Li , Xiaolei Liu , Cheng Liu , Yixiao Xu , Kangyi Ding , Bangzhou Xin , Jia-Li Yin

Large language models (LLMs) are routinely pre-trained on billions of tokens, only to start the process over again once new data becomes available. A much more efficient solution is to continually pre-train these models, saving significant…

Large language models (LLMs) excel in speed and adaptability across various reasoning tasks, but they often struggle when strict logic or constraint enforcement is required. In contrast, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are specifically…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in understanding text and generating high-quality responses. However, a critical distinction from human cognition is their typical lack of a distinct internal `reading'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yuanxin Wang , Ganesh Venkatesh

We introduce Reward-Guided Speculative Decoding (RSD), a novel framework aimed at improving the efficiency of inference in large language models (LLMs). RSD synergistically combines a lightweight draft model with a more powerful target…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Baohao Liao , Yuhui Xu , Hanze Dong , Junnan Li , Christof Monz , Silvio Savarese , Doyen Sahoo , Caiming Xiong

Recent successes in natural language processing have led to the proliferation of large language models (LLMs) by multiple providers. Each LLM offering has different inference accuracy, monetary cost, and latency, and their accuracy further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xuechen Zhang , Zijian Huang , Ege Onur Taga , Carlee Joe-Wong , Samet Oymak , Jiasi Chen

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in question-answering tasks, their performance is limited when the questions require knowledge that is not included in the model's training data and can only be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Abhigya Sodani , Lauren Moos , Matthew Mirman

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various fields, the efficiency of training and inference remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose SUBLLM, short for Subsampling-Upsampling-Bypass…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Quandong Wang , Yuxuan Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Ruike Zhang , Kang Zhao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Daniel Povey , Bin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in document re-ranking, a key component in modern Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, existing LLM-based approaches face notable limitations, including ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Pinhuan Wang , Zhiqiu Xia , Chunhua Liao , Feiyi Wang , Hang Liu

With the exponential growth of video data, there is an urgent need for automated technology to analyze and comprehend video content. However, existing video understanding models are often task-specific and lack a comprehensive capability of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Guo Chen , Yin-Dong Zheng , Jiahao Wang , Jilan Xu , Yifei Huang , Junting Pan , Yi Wang , Yali Wang , Yu Qiao , Tong Lu , Limin Wang

Large language models (LLMs) with different architectures and sizes have been developed. Serving each LLM with dedicated GPUs leads to resource waste and service inefficiency due to the varying demand of LLM requests. A common practice is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yihao Zhao , Jiadun Chen , Peng Sun , Lei Li , Xuanzhe Liu , Xin Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit strong linguistic abilities while remaining unreliable on multi-step reasoning tasks, particularly when deployed without additional training or fine-tuning. In this work, we study inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Vinay Sharma , Manish Jain

Despite their linguistic competence, Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to reason reliably and flexibly. To identify these shortcomings, we introduce the Non-Linear Reasoning (NLR) dataset, a collection of 55 unique, hand-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Nasim Borazjanizadeh , Steven T. Piantadosi

This paper explores the challenges of test-time scaling of large language models (LLMs), regarding both the data and inference efficiency. We highlight the diversity of multi-lingual reasoning based on our pilot studies, and then introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kang Chen , Mengdi Zhang , Yixin Cao

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) based on the Transformer architecture have recently emerged as a dominant foundation model for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. Nevertheless, their application in real-time scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Hasan Genc , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami , Sophia Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver state-of-the-art performance on complex reasoning tasks, but their inference costs limit deployment at scale. Small Language Models (SLMs) offer dramatic cost savings yet lag substantially in accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ziming Dong , Hardik Sharma , Evan O'Toole , Jaya Prakash Champati , Kui Wu