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Code reproduction is a cornerstone of scientific validity, yet it remains a formidable challenge in computer networking research due to the scarcity of open-source implementations and the complexity of heterogeneous system architectures.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yining Jiang , Yunxin Xu , Wenyun Xu , Yufan Zhu , Tangtang He , Haiying Huang , Letian Zhu , Qingyu Song , Qiang Su , Lizhao You , Lu Tang , Wanjin Feng , Yuchao Zhang , Linghe Kong , Qiao Xiang , Jiwu Shu

A practical large language model (LLM) service may involve a long system prompt, which specifies the instructions, examples, and knowledge documents of the task and is reused across requests. However, the long system prompt causes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Lei Zhu , Xinjiang Wang , Wayne Zhang , Rynson W. H. Lau

Large Language Models (LLMs) solve many reasoning tasks via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, but smaller models (about 7 to 8B parameters) still struggle with multi-step reasoning under tight compute and token budgets. Existing test time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sagnik Chatterjee , Atharva Patil , Sricharan Ramesh

Most vision-language models (VLMs) apply a large language model (LLM) as the decoder, where the response tokens are generated sequentially through autoregression. Therefore, the number of output tokens can be the bottleneck of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sixun Dong , Juhua Hu , Steven Li , Wei Wen , Qi Qian

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance by producing long chains of thought, but their inference costs are high and often generate redundant reasoning. Small language models (SLMs) are far more efficient, yet struggle on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Haojin Wang , Yike Wang , Shangbin Feng , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yulia Tsvetkov

We propose RecaLLM, a set of reasoning language models post-trained to make effective use of long-context information. In-context retrieval, which identifies relevant evidence from context, and reasoning are deeply intertwined: retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Kyle Whitecross , Negin Rahimi

As reasoning LLMs increasingly trade tokens for accuracy through deliberation, search, and self-correction, a single accuracy score can no longer tell whether those tokens buy useful reasoning, recovery from hard instances, or unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Daniel Kaiser , Arnoldo Frigessi , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Benjamin Ricaud

While Long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning significantly improves Large Language Models (LLMs) performance on complex reasoning tasks, the substantial computational and memory costs of generating long CoT sequences limit their efficiency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Liang Zhang , Yu Zhao , Longyue Wang , Tianqi Shi , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Jinsong Su

Large language models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous in practice and are widely used for generation tasks such as translation, summarization and instruction following. However, their enormous size and reliance on autoregressive decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Benjamin Bergner , Andrii Skliar , Amelie Royer , Tijmen Blankevoort , Yuki Asano , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities across various applications but encounter substantial challenges such as high inference latency, considerable training costs, and the generation of hallucinations. Collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Kaiyan Zhang , Jianyu Wang , Ning Ding , Biqing Qi , Ermo Hua , Xingtai Lv , Bowen Zhou

Reasoning-oriented Large Language Models (LLMs) often rely on generating explicit tokens step by step, and their effectiveness typically hinges on large-scale supervised fine-tuning or reinforcement learning. While Chain-of-Thought (CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Haoyu Zheng , Zhuonan Wang , Yuqian Yuan , Tianwei Lin , Wenqiao Zhang , Zheqi Lv , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Yueting Zhuang , Hongyang He

Despite the remarkable success of large language models (LLMs) on traditional natural language processing tasks, their planning ability remains a critical bottleneck in tackling complex multi-step reasoning tasks. Existing approaches mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jiaxin Wen , Jian Guan , Hongning Wang , Wei Wu , Minlie Huang

LLMs are increasingly used as general-purpose reasoners, but long inputs remain bottlenecked by a fixed context window. Recursive Language Models (RLMs) address this by externalising the prompt and recursively solving subproblems. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Amartya Roy , Rasul Tutunov , Xiaotong Ji , Matthieu Zimmer , Haitham Bou-Ammar

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly progressed into general-purpose agents capable of solving a broad spectrum of tasks. However, current models remain inefficient at reasoning: they apply fixed inference-time compute regardless of…

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance across diverse tasks but come with substantial energy and computational costs, particularly in request-heavy scenarios. In many real-world applications, the full scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Patrick Wilhelm , Thorsten Wittkopp , Odej Kao

While model serving has unlocked unprecedented capabilities, the high cost of serving large-scale models continues to be a significant barrier to widespread accessibility and rapid innovation. Compiler optimizations have long driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Annabelle Sujun Tang , Christopher Priebe , Rohan Mahapatra , Lianhui Qin , Hadi Esmaeilzadeh

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) with strong reasoning capabilities marks a significant milestone, unlocking new frontiers in complex problem-solving. However, training these reasoning models, typically using Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Qinghao Hu , Shang Yang , Junxian Guo , Xiaozhe Yao , Yujun Lin , Yuxian Gu , Han Cai , Chuang Gan , Ana Klimovic , Song Han

Large language models (LLMs) have been a disruptive innovation in recent years, and they play a crucial role in our daily lives due to their ability to understand and generate human-like text. Their capabilities include natural language…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Akrit Mudvari , Yuang Jiang , Leandros Tassiulas

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate superior reasoning capabilities compared to small language models (SLMs), but incur substantially higher costs. We propose COllaborative REAsoner (COREA), a system that cascades an SLM with an LLM to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Chuang Zhang , Zizhen Zhu , Yihao Wei , Bing Tian , Junyi Liu , Henan Wang , Xavier Wang , Yaxiao Liu