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Learning semantically meaningful sentence embeddings is an open problem in natural language processing. In this work, we propose a sentence embedding learning approach that exploits both visual and textual information via a multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Miaoran Zhang , Marius Mosbach , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Michael A. Hedderich , Dietrich Klakow

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) provide a powerful mechanism for decomposing the dense representations produced by Large Language Models (LLMs) into interpretable latent features. We posit that SAEs constitute a natural foundation for Learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Thibault Formal , Maxime Louis , Hervé Dejean , Stéphane Clinchant

In this paper we propose and carefully evaluate a sequence labeling framework which solely utilizes sparse indicator features derived from dense distributed word representations. The proposed model obtains (near) state-of-the art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-22 Gábor Berend

Pretrained multilingual language models (LMs) can be successfully transformed into multilingual sentence encoders (SEs; e.g., LaBSE, xMPNet) via additional fine-tuning or model distillation with parallel data. However, it remains unclear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ivan Vulić , Goran Glavaš , Fangyu Liu , Nigel Collier , Edoardo Maria Ponti , Anna Korhonen

Word embedding is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique that automatically maps words from a vocabulary to vectors of real numbers in an embedding space. It has been widely used in recent years to boost the performance of a vari-ety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Arpita Roy , Youngja Park , SHimei Pan

In this paper, we propose a new approach to learn multimodal multilingual embeddings for matching images and their relevant captions in two languages. We combine two existing objective functions to make images and captions close in a joint…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Alireza Mohammadshahi , Remi Lebret , Karl Aberer

Sentence embedding models play a key role in various Natural Language Processing tasks, such as in Topic Modeling, Document Clustering and Recommendation Systems. However, these models rely heavily on parallel data, which can be scarce for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Fred Philippy , Siwen Guo , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

Making decent multi-lingual sentence representations is critical to achieve high performances in cross-lingual downstream tasks. In this work, we propose a novel method to align multi-lingual embeddings based on the similarity of sentences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Minsu Park , Seyeon Choi , Chanyeol Choi , Jun-Seong Kim , Jy-yong Sohn

The core of cross-modal matching is to accurately measure the similarity between different modalities in a unified representation space. However, compared to textual descriptions of a certain perspective, the visual modality has more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Wenzhang Wei , Zhipeng Gui , Changguang Wu , Anqi Zhao , Dehua Peng , Huayi Wu

Vision-Language Pretrained (VLP) models have achieved impressive performance on multimodal tasks, including text-image retrieval, based on dense representations. Meanwhile, Learned Sparse Retrieval (LSR) has gained traction in text-only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jonghyun Song , Youngjune Lee , Gyu-Hwung Cho , Ilhyeon Song , Saehun Kim , Yohan Jo

Multilingual dense retrieval aims to retrieve relevant documents across different languages based on a unified retriever model. The challenge lies in aligning representations of different languages in a shared vector space. The common…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chao Huang , Fengran Mo , Yufeng Chen , Changhao Guan , Zhenrui Yue , Xinyu Wang , Jinan Xu , Kaiyu Huang

Cross-lingual text representations have gained popularity lately and act as the backbone of many tasks such as unsupervised machine translation and cross-lingual information retrieval, to name a few. However, evaluation of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Mikhail Fain , Niall Twomey , Danushka Bollegala

Word embeddings have been shown to benefit from ensambling several word embedding sources, often carried out using straightforward mathematical operations over the set of word vectors. More recently, self-supervised learning has been used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-27 James O' Neill , Danushka Bollegala

Recently embedding-based retrieval or dense retrieval have shown state of the art results, compared with traditional sparse or bag-of-words based approaches. This paper introduces a model-agnostic doc-level embedding framework through large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Mingrui Wu , Sheng Cao

Multimodal Language Analysis is a demanding area of research, since it is associated with two requirements: combining different modalities and capturing temporal information. During the last years, several works have been proposed in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Panagiotis Koromilas , Theodoros Giannakopoulos

Many words have evolved in meaning as a result of cultural and social change. Understanding such changes is crucial for modelling language and cultural evolution. Low-dimensional embedding methods have shown promise in detecting words'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Xiaofei Xu , Ke Deng , Fei Hu , Li Li

Sentiment analysis in low-resource languages suffers from a lack of annotated corpora to estimate high-performing models. Machine translation and bilingual word embeddings provide some relief through cross-lingual sentiment approaches.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Jeremy Barnes , Roman Klinger , Sabine Schulte im Walde

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown proficiency in question-answering tasks but often struggle to integrate real-time knowledge, leading to potentially outdated or inaccurate responses. This problem becomes even more challenging when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Yucheng Shi , Qiaoyu Tan , Xuansheng Wu , Shaochen Zhong , Kaixiong Zhou , Ninghao Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong complex reasoning capabilities through Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, their reasoning patterns remain too complicated to analyze. While Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Xuan Yang , Jiayu Liu , Yuhang Lai , Hao Xu , Zhenya Huang , Ning Miao

Neural sentence embedding models for dense retrieval typically rely on binary relevance labels, treating query-document pairs as either relevant or irrelevant. However, real-world relevance often exists on a continuum, and recent advances…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Christos Tsirigotis , Vaibhav Adlakha , Joao Monteiro , Aaron Courville , Perouz Taslakian