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The Collective Graphical Model (CGM) models a population of independent and identically distributed individuals when only collective statistics (i.e., counts of individuals) are observed. Exact inference in CGMs is intractable, and previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-05-21 Li-Ping Liu , Daniel Sheldon , Thomas G. Dietterich

Dynamic structural causal models (SCMs) are a powerful framework for reasoning in dynamic systems about direct effects which measure how a change in one variable affects another variable while holding all other variables constant. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Simon Ferreira , Charles K. Assaad

The behavior of extreme observations is well-understood for time series or spatial data, but little is known if the data generating process is a structural causal model (SCM). We study the behavior of extremes in this model class, both for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Sebastian Engelke , Nicola Gnecco , Frank Röttger

Graphical models can represent a multivariate distribution in a convenient and accessible form as a graph. Causal models can be viewed as a special class of graphical models that not only represent the distribution of the observed system…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-29 Christina Heinze-Deml , Marloes H. Maathuis , Nicolai Meinshausen

Latent confounders---unobserved variables that influence both treatment and outcome---can bias estimates of causal effects. In some cases, these confounders are shared across observations, e.g. all students taking a course are influenced by…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-15 Sam Witty , Kenta Takatsu , David Jensen , Vikash Mansinghka

We present Causal Generative Neural Networks (CGNNs) to learn functional causal models from observational data. CGNNs leverage conditional independencies and distributional asymmetries to discover bivariate and multivariate causal…

Three distinct phenomena complicate statistical causal analysis: latent common causes, causal cycles, and latent selection. Foundational works on Structural Causal Models (SCMs), e.g., Bongers et al. (2021, Ann. Stat., 49(5): 2885-2915),…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-23 Leihao Chen , Onno Zoeter , Joris M. Mooij

Discovering causal relations from observational time series without making the stationary assumption is a significant challenge. In practice, this challenge is common in many areas, such as retail sales, transportation systems, and medical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Shanyun Gao , Raghavendra Addanki , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Murat Kocaoglu

Structural causal models (SCMs), also known as (nonparametric) structural equation models (SEMs), are widely used for causal modeling purposes. In particular, acyclic SCMs, also known as recursive SEMs, form a well-studied subclass of SCMs…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-23 Stephan Bongers , Patrick Forré , Jonas Peters , Joris M. Mooij

Structural Causal Models (SCMs) provide a popular causal modeling framework. In this work, we show that SCMs are not flexible enough to give a complete causal representation of dynamical systems at equilibrium. Instead, we propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Tineke Blom , Stephan Bongers , Joris M. Mooij

Structural causal models (SCMs), with an underlying directed acyclic graph (DAG), provide a powerful analytical framework to describe the interaction mechanisms in large-scale complex systems. However, when the system exhibits extreme…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-28 Junshu Jiang , Jordan Richards , Raphaël Huser , David Bolin

Causal inference from observational data is crucial for many disciplines such as medicine and economics. However, sharp bounds for causal effects under relaxations of the unconfoundedness assumption (causal sensitivity analysis) are subject…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Dennis Frauen , Valentyn Melnychuk , Stefan Feuerriegel

Causal discovery aims to extract qualitative causal knowledge in the form of causal graphs from data. Because causal ground truth is rarely known in the real world, simulated data plays a vital role in evaluating the performance of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Rebecca J. Herman , Jonas Wahl , Urmi Ninad , Jakob Runge

In genome-wide prediction, independence of marker allele substitution effects is typically assumed; however, since early stages of this technology it has been known that nature points to correlated effects. In statistics, graphical models…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2017-09-21 Carlos Alberto Martínez , Kshitij Khare , Syed Rahman , Mauricio A. Elzo

Modern deep learning models excel at pattern recognition but remain fundamentally limited by their reliance on spurious correlations, leading to poor generalization and a demand for massive datasets. We argue that a key ingredient for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Mohamed Zayaan S

We present a Transfer Causal Learning (TCL) framework when target and source domains share the same covariate/feature spaces, aiming to improve causal effect estimation accuracy in limited data. Limited data is very common in medical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Song Wei , Hanyu Zhang , Ronald Moore , Rishikesan Kamaleswaran , Yao Xie

We address the problem of causal discovery from data, making use of the recently proposed causal modeling framework of modular structural causal models (mSCM) to handle cycles, latent confounders and non-linearities. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-31 Patrick Forré , Joris M. Mooij

Causal Machine Learning (CausalML) is an umbrella term for machine learning methods that formalize the data-generation process as a structural causal model (SCM). This perspective enables us to reason about the effects of changes to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jean Kaddour , Aengus Lynch , Qi Liu , Matt J. Kusner , Ricardo Silva

Causal Inference offers a fundamental approach for advancing empirical software engineering (ESE) beyond traditional statistical association, enabling researchers to rigorously identify and quantify causal relationships in software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Aya Garryyeva , David Nader Palacio , Antonio Mastropaolo , Denys Poshyvanyk

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using machine learning techniques for the estimation of treatment effects. Most of the best-performing methods rely on representation learning strategies that encourage shared behavior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Roger Pros , Jordi Vitrià