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Democratizing access to natural language processing (NLP) technology is crucial, especially for underrepresented and extremely low-resource languages. Previous research has focused on developing labeled and unlabeled corpora for these…

This paper presents a novel syllable-based tokenization approach for Indonesian large language models, inspired by the Gasing Literacy Learning System's pedagogical methodology. Drawing on information-theoretic principles, we develop a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-21 H. Situngkir , A. B. Lumbantobing , Y. Surya

Recent progress in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been driven by the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), which exhibit remarkable generative and reasoning capabilities. However, despite their success, evaluating the true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Mikel Zubillaga , Naiara Perez , Oscar Sainz , German Rigau

Subword-based tokenization methods often fail to preserve morphological boundaries, a limitation especially pronounced in low-resource, morphologically complex languages such as those written in the Geez script. To address this, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Hailay Kidu Teklehaymanot , Dren Fazlija , Wolfgang Nejdl

In the presented study, we discover that the so-called "transition freedom" metric appears superior for unsupervised tokenization purposes in comparison to statistical metrics such as mutual information and conditional probability,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Anton Kolonin , Vignav Ramesh

In this paper we aim to automatically discover high quality frame-level speech features and acoustic tokens directly from unlabeled speech data. A Multi-granular Acoustic Tokenizer (MAT) was proposed for automatic discovery of multiple sets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Cheng-Tao Chung , Cheng-Yu Tsai , Chia-Hsiang Liu , Lin-Shan Lee

The success of deep learning in supervised fine-grained recognition for domain-specific tasks relies heavily on expert annotations. The Open-Set for fine-grained Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) problem aims to enhance performance on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Prajwal Singh , Gautam Vashishtha , Indra Deep Mastan , Shanmuganathan Raman

Despite rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), their linguistic abilities in low-resource and morphologically rich languages are still not well understood due to limited annotated resources and the absence of standardized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hailay Kidu Teklehaymanot , Gebrearegawi Gebremariam , Wolfgang Nejdl

Automatic music captioning, which generates natural language descriptions for given music tracks, holds significant potential for enhancing the understanding and organization of large volumes of musical data. Despite its importance,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-08-01 SeungHeon Doh , Keunwoo Choi , Jongpil Lee , Juhan Nam

Purely character-based language models (LMs) have been lagging in quality on large scale datasets, and current state-of-the-art LMs rely on word tokenization. It has been assumed that injecting the prior knowledge of a tokenizer into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Dokook Choe , Rami Al-Rfou , Mandy Guo , Heeyoung Lee , Noah Constant

We present BPEmb, a collection of pre-trained subword unit embeddings in 275 languages, based on Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE). In an evaluation using fine-grained entity typing as testbed, BPEmb performs competitively, and for some languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-09 Benjamin Heinzerling , Michael Strube

Discrete tokenizers have emerged as indispensable components in modern machine learning systems, particularly within the context of autoregressive modeling and large language models (LLMs). These tokenizers serve as the critical interface…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jian Jia , Jingtong Gao , Ben Xue , Junhao Wang , Qingpeng Cai , Quan Chen , Xiangyu Zhao , Peng Jiang , Kun Gai

With the advent of Transformers, large language models (LLMs) have saturated well-known NLP benchmarks and leaderboards with high aggregate performance. However, many times these models systematically fail on tail data or rare groups not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Nazneen Rajani , Weixin Liang , Lingjiao Chen , Meg Mitchell , James Zou

Formal verification via interactive theorem proving is increasingly used to ensure the correctness of critical systems, yet constructing large proof scripts remains highly manual and limits scalability. Advances in large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Baoding He , Zenan Li , Wei Sun , Yuan Yao , Taolue Chen , Xiaoxing Ma , Zhendong Su

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have remarkably enhanced performances on a variety of tasks in multiple languages. However, tokenizers in LLMs trained primarily on English-centric corpora often overly fragment a text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jimin Hong , Gibbeum Lee , Jaewoong Cho

Tokenisation is the first step in almost all NLP tasks, and state-of-the-art transformer-based language models all use subword tokenisation algorithms to process input text. Existing algorithms have problems, often producing tokenisations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Edward Gow-Smith , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Carolina Scarton , Aline Villavicencio

Modern language models operate on subword-tokenized text in order to make a trade-off between model size, inference speed, and vocabulary coverage. A side effect of this is that, during inference, models are evaluated by measuring the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 David Pohl , Marco Cognetta , Junyoung Lee , Naoaki Okazaki

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text by sampling the next token from a probability distribution over the vocabulary at each decoding step. Popular sampling methods like top-p (nucleus sampling) often struggle to balance quality and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Minh Nhat Nguyen , Andrew Baker , Clement Neo , Allen Roush , Andreas Kirsch , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv

Tokenizers act as a bridge between human language and the latent space of language models, influencing how language is represented in these models. Due to the immense popularity of English-Centric Large Language Models (LLMs), efforts are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Menan Velayuthan , Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran

Tokenization is a crucial step in information retrieval, especially for lexical matching algorithms, where the quality of indexable tokens directly impacts the effectiveness of a retrieval system. Since different languages have unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Odunayo Ogundepo , Xinyu Zhang , Jimmy Lin