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The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has marked significant achievements in language processing and reasoning capabilities. Despite their advancements, LLMs face vulnerabilities to data poisoning attacks, where the adversary inserts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiangyu Zhou , Yao Qiang , Saleh Zare Zade , Mohammad Amin Roshani , Prashant Khanduri , Douglas Zytko , Dongxiao Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) can acquire deceptive behaviors through backdoor attacks, where the model executes prohibited actions whenever secret triggers appear in the input. Existing safety training methods largely fail to address this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Guangyu Shen , Siyuan Cheng , Xiangzhe Xu , Yuan Zhou , Hanxi Guo , Zhuo Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to data poisoning attacks, where malicious training examples embed hidden behaviours triggered by specific input patterns. However, most existing works assume a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Sanhanat Sivapiromrat , Caiqi Zhang , Marco Basaldella , Nigel Collier

Large Language Models (LLMs), which bridge the gap between human language understanding and complex problem-solving, achieve state-of-the-art performance on several NLP tasks, particularly in few-shot and zero-shot settings. Despite the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shuai Zhao , Meihuizi Jia , Zhongliang Guo , Leilei Gan , Xiaoyu Xu , Xiaobao Wu , Jie Fu , Yichao Feng , Fengjun Pan , Luu Anh Tuan

Backdoor data poisoning, inserted within instruction examples used to fine-tune a foundation Large Language Model (LLM) for downstream tasks (\textit{e.g.,} sentiment prediction), is a serious security concern due to the evasive nature of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Jayaram Raghuram , George Kesidis , David J. Miller

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significantly advanced capabilities in understanding and generating human language text, which have gained increasing popularity over recent years. Apart from their state-of-the-art natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yihe Zhou , Tao Ni , Wei-Bin Lee , Qingchuan Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have seen significant advancements, achieving superior performance in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, from understanding to reasoning. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Chen Chen , Yuchen Sun , Xueluan Gong , Jiaxin Gao , Kwok-Yan Lam

Backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to the integrity and reliability of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, enabling adversaries to manipulate model behavior by injecting poisoned data with hidden triggers. These attacks can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Osama Wehbi , Sarhad Arisdakessian , Omar Abdel Wahab , Azzam Mourad , Hadi Otrok , Jamal Bentahar

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly impacted various domains, including Web search, healthcare, and software development. However, as these models scale, they become more vulnerable to cybersecurity risks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Qin Liu , Wenjie Mo , Terry Tong , Jiashu Xu , Fei Wang , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to be vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where triggers embedded in poisoned samples can maliciously alter LLMs' behaviors. In this paper, we move beyond attacking LLMs and instead examine backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Huaizhi Ge , Yiming Li , Qifan Wang , Yongfeng Zhang , Ruixiang Tang

Large visual language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated excellent instruction-following capabilities, yet remain vulnerable to stealthy backdoor attacks when finetuned using contaminated data. Existing backdoor defense techniques are usually…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yuan Xun , Siyuan Liang , Xiaojun Jia , Xinwei Liu , Xiaochun Cao

Backdoor attacks pose severe security threats to large language models (LLMs), where a model behaves normally under benign inputs but produces malicious outputs when a hidden trigger appears. Existing backdoor removal methods typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jianwei Li , Jung-Eun Kim

With the development of technology, large language models (LLMs) have dominated the downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, because of the LLMs' instruction-following abilities and inability to distinguish the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yulin Chen , Haoran Li , Yuan Sui , Yangqiu Song , Bryan Hooi

The democratization of pre-trained language models through open-source initiatives has rapidly advanced innovation and expanded access to cutting-edge technologies. However, this openness also brings significant security risks, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Ansh Arora , Xuanli He , Maximilian Mozes , Srinibas Swain , Mark Dras , Qiongkai Xu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in settings where inducing a bias toward a certain topic can have significant consequences, and backdoor attacks can be used to produce such models. Prior work on backdoor attacks has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Anudeep Das , Prach Chantasantitam , Gurjot Singh , Lipeng He , Mariia Ponomarenko , Florian Kerschbaum

Background: Fine-tuning is central to adapting pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream tasks, but its reliance on training data, parameter updates, and reusable components opens entry points for attackers. Threats have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wenjuan Li , Yitao Liu , Runze Chen , Rajkumar Buyya

Recent studies have shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where a designed trigger is injected into the dataset, causing erroneous predictions when activated. In this paper, we propose a novel defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wenjie Huo , Katinka Wolter

Recent studies have revealed a security threat to natural language processing (NLP) models, called the Backdoor Attack. Victim models can maintain competitive performance on clean samples while behaving abnormally on samples with a specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Wenkai Yang , Lei Li , Zhiyuan Zhang , Xuancheng Ren , Xu Sun , Bin He

The implications of backdoor attacks on English-centric large language models (LLMs) have been widely examined - such attacks can be achieved by embedding malicious behaviors during training and activated under specific conditions that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Xuanli He , Jun Wang , Qiongkai Xu , Pasquale Minervini , Pontus Stenetorp , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein , Trevor Cohn

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu
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