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Expanding reinforcement learning (RL) to offline domains generates promising prospects, particularly in sectors where data collection poses substantial challenges or risks. Pivotal to the success of transferring RL offline is mitigating…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-19 Alex Beeson , David Ireland , Giovanni Montana

We present an efficient algorithm for model-free episodic reinforcement learning on large (potentially continuous) state-action spaces. Our algorithm is based on a novel $Q$-learning policy with adaptive data-driven discretization. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Sean R. Sinclair , Siddhartha Banerjee , Christina Lee Yu

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods have achieved impressive performance on tasks in a variety of domains. However, neural network policies produced with DRL methods are not human-interpretable and often have difficulty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Dweep Trivedi , Jesse Zhang , Shao-Hua Sun , Joseph J. Lim

Robust control policy learning for autonomous driving requires training environments to be both physically realistic and computationally scalable, properties that existing simulators provide only in isolation. We introduce Sim2Sim2Sim, a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xunjiang Gu , Kashyap Chitta , Mahsa Golchoubian , Vladimir Suplin , Igor Gilitschenski

Reinforcement learning agents that operate in diverse and complex environments can benefit from the structured decomposition of their behavior. Often, this is addressed in the context of hierarchical reinforcement learning, where the aim is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Anirudh Goyal , Shagun Sodhani , Jonathan Binas , Xue Bin Peng , Sergey Levine , Yoshua Bengio

Pre-training with offline data and online fine-tuning using reinforcement learning is a promising strategy for learning control policies by leveraging the best of both worlds in terms of sample efficiency and performance. One natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Haichao Zhang , We Xu , Haonan Yu

Policy gradient methods are among the most effective methods for large-scale reinforcement learning, and their empirical success has prompted several works that develop the foundation of their global convergence theory. However, prior works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Junzi Zhang , Jongho Kim , Brendan O'Donoghue , Stephen Boyd

Optimal execution is a sequential decision-making problem for cost-saving in algorithmic trading. Studies have found that reinforcement learning (RL) can help decide the order-splitting sizes. However, a problem remains unsolved: how to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2022-07-25 Feiyang Pan , Tongzhe Zhang , Ling Luo , Jia He , Shuoling Liu

Existing reinforcement learning approaches for Large Language Models typically perform policy optimization at the granularity of individual tokens or entire response sequences. However, such formulations often misalign with the natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Lei Gao , Zhuoming Li , Mengxi Jia , Jiakang Yuan , Hongbo Sun , Hao Sun , Xuelong Li

The ability to continuously acquire new knowledge and skills is crucial for autonomous agents. Existing methods are typically based on either fixed-size models that struggle to learn a large number of diverse behaviors, or growing-size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Jean-Baptiste Gaya , Thang Doan , Lucas Caccia , Laure Soulier , Ludovic Denoyer , Roberta Raileanu

This paper presents a safety-critical reinforcement learning framework for nonlinear dynamical systems with continuous state and input spaces operating under explicit physical constraints. Hard safety constraints are enforced independently…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-05 Hossein Rastgoftar

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has led to a wide range of advances in sequential decision-making tasks. However, the complexity of neural network policies makes it difficult to understand and deploy with limited computational resources.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Jiaming Guo , Rui Zhang , Shaohui Peng , Qi Yi , Xing Hu , Ruizhi Chen , Zidong Du , Xishan Zhang , Ling Li , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

Reinforcement learning is a powerful approach to learn behaviour through interactions with an environment. However, behaviours are usually learned in a purely reactive fashion, where an appropriate action is selected based on an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 André Biedenkapp , Raghu Rajan , Frank Hutter , Marius Lindauer

While Reinforcement Learning can achieve impressive results for complex tasks, the learned policies are generally prone to fail in downstream tasks with even minor model mismatch or unexpected perturbations. Recent works have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Kang Xu , Yan Ma , Bingsheng Wei , Wei Li

One of the fundamental challenges for offline reinforcement learning (RL) is ensuring robustness to data distribution. Whether the data originates from a near-optimal policy or not, we anticipate that an algorithm should demonstrate its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Xiaohan Hu , Yi Ma , Chenjun Xiao , Yan Zheng , Jianye Hao

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) can accelerate long-horizon decision-making by temporally abstracting a policy into multiple levels. Promising results in sparse reward environments have been seen with skills, i.e. sequences of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Ce Hao , Catherine Weaver , Chen Tang , Kenta Kawamoto , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Wei Zhan

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is widely recognized as sample-inefficient, a limitation attributable in part to the high dimensionality and substantial functional redundancy inherent to the policy parameter space. A recent framework,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Andrea Fraschini , Davide Tenedini , Riccardo Zamboni , Mirco Mutti , Marcello Restelli

Multi-agent reinforcement learning is a key method for training multi-robot systems. Through rewarding or punishing robots over a series of episodes according to their performance, they can be trained and then deployed in the real world.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Toby Godfrey , William Hunt , Mohammad D. Soorati

Capturing and simulating intelligent adaptive behaviours within spatially explicit individual-based models remains an ongoing challenge for researchers. While an ever-increasing abundance of real-world behavioural data are collected, few…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Sedar Olmez , Dan Birks , Alison Heppenstall

Local policy search is performed by most Deep Reinforcement Learning (D-RL) methods, which increases the risk of getting trapped in a local minimum. Furthermore, the availability of a simulation model is not fully exploited in D-RL even in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Jakob J. Hollenstein , Erwan Renaudo , Matteo Saveriano , Justus Piater