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Reinforcement learning (RL) has equipped LLM agents with a strong ability to solve complex tasks. However, existing RL methods normally use a \emph{single} policy network, causing \emph{simplicity bias} where simple tasks occupy most…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Shengtian Yang , Yu Li , Shuo He , Yewen Li , Qingpeng Cai , Peng Jiang , Lei Feng

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) for language models has been proven effective in augmenting the capacity of models by dynamically routing each input token to a specific subset of experts for processing. Despite the success, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Hao Zhao , Zihan Qiu , Huijia Wu , Zili Wang , Zhaofeng He , Jie Fu

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures route each token through a subset of experts at each layer independently. We propose viewing MoE computation through the lens of \emph{expert paths} -- the sequence of expert selections a token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zijin Gu , Tatiana Likhomanenko , Vimal Thilak , Jason Ramapuram , Navdeep Jaitly

Mixture of experts (MoE), introduced over 20 years ago, is the simplest gated modular neural network architecture. There is renewed interest in MoE because the conditional computation allows only parts of the network to be used during each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Yamuna Krishnamurthy , Chris Watkins , Thomas Gaertner

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) represents an ensemble methodology that amalgamates predictions from several specialized sub-models (referred to as experts). This fusion is accomplished through a router mechanism, dynamically assigning weights to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Jinze Zhao , Peihao Wang , Zhangyang Wang

Trajectory generation and prediction are two interwoven tasks that play important roles in planner evaluation and decision making for intelligent vehicles. Most existing methods focus on one of the two and are optimized to directly output…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Ruochen Jiao , Xiangguo Liu , Bowen Zheng , Dave Liang , Qi Zhu

Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Mingze Wang , Weinan E

Class-incremental learning (CIL) requires deep learning models to continuously acquire new knowledge from streaming data while preserving previously learned information. Recently, CIL based on pre-trained models (PTMs) has achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Linjie Li , Zhenyu Wu , Yang Ji

The sparse Mixture of Experts(MoE) architecture has evolved as a powerful approach for scaling deep learning models to more parameters with comparable computation cost. As an important branch of large language model(LLM), MoE model only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Dong Pan , Bingtao Li , Yongsheng Zheng , Jiren Ma , Victor Fei

Experts advising decision-makers are likely to display expertise which varies as a function of the problem instance. In practice, this may lead to sub-optimal or discriminatory decisions against minority cases. In this work we model such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Axel Abels , Tom Lenaerts , Vito Trianni , Ann Nowé

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) LLMs rely on sparse, router-driven expert activation, yet how safety alignment interacts with routed expert specialization remains underexplored. A common intuition is that safety behavior may be controlled by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhibo Zhang , Yuxi Li , Zhen Ouyang , Ling Shi , Kailong Wang

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach to decoupling model capacity from computational cost. At the core of the MoE model is the router, which learns the underlying clustering structure of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Stefan K. Nielsen , Rachel S. Y. Teo , Laziz U. Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

Large language models are increasingly integrated into decision-making in areas such as healthcare, law, finance, engineering, and government. Yet they share a critical limitation: they produce fluent outputs even when their internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Rikard Rosenbacke , Carl Rosenbacke , Victor Rosenbacke , Martin McKee

Scaling the size of a model enhances its capabilities but significantly increases computation complexity. Mixture-of-Experts models (MoE) address the issue by allowing model size to scale up without substantially increasing training or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Zhenpeng Su , Zijia Lin , Xue Bai , Xing Wu , Yizhe Xiong , Haoran Lian , Guangyuan Ma , Hui Chen , Guiguang Ding , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture in large language models, highlighting its ability to significantly enhance model performance while maintaining minimal computational overhead. Through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Danyang Zhang , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Yingfang Yuan , Tianyang Wang , Joe Yeong , Junfeng Hao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models embody the divide-and-conquer concept and are a promising approach for increasing model capacity, demonstrating excellent scalability across multiple domains. In this paper, we integrate the MoE structure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Xumeng Han , Longhui Wei , Zhiyang Dou , Zipeng Wang , Chenhui Qiang , Xin He , Yingfei Sun , Zhenjun Han , Qi Tian

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures achieve scalable capacity through sparse routing, yet the geometric structure of expert specialization remains poorly understood. We introduce a unified Jacobian-PCA-Grassmann framework for analyzing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Feilong Liu

The sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has achieved significant progress for neural machine translation (NMT). However, there exist two limitations in current MoE solutions which may lead to sub-optimal performance: 1) they directly use the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yunlong Liang , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Mixture-of-experts based models, which use language experts to extract language-specific representations effectively, have been well applied in code-switching automatic speech recognition. However, there is still substantial space to…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Peikun Chen , Fan Yu , Yuhao Lian , Hongfei Xue , Xucheng Wan , Naijun Zheng , Huan Zhou , Lei Xie

Different types of reasoning impose different structural demands on representational systems, yet no systematic account of these demands exists across psychology, AI, and philosophy of mind. I propose a framework identifying four structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yiling Wu