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Recent advances in post-training techniques have endowed Large Language Models (LLMs) with enhanced capabilities for tackling complex, logic-intensive tasks through the generation of supplementary planning tokens. This development raises a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Pratham Singla , Shivank Garg , Ayush Singh , Ishan Garg , Ketan Suhaas Saichandran

Post-training paradigms for Large Language Models (LLMs), primarily Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Reinforcement Learning (RL), face a fundamental dilemma: SFT provides stability (low variance) but suffers from high fitting bias, while RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Taojie Zhu , Dongyang Xu , Ding Zou , Sen Zhao , Qiaobo Hao , Zhiguo Yang , Yonghong He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used to make decisions in complex scenarios, where they need models to think deeply, reason logically, and decide wisely. Many existing studies focus solely on multi-round conversations in social tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Yiwen Zhang , Ziang Chen , Fanqi Kong , Yizhe Huang , Xue Feng

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for multi-turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) - where models iteratively reason, generate code, and verify through execution - remains challenging for existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yifeng Ding , Hung Le , Songyang Han , Kangrui Ruan , Zhenghui Jin , Varun Kumar , Zijian Wang , Anoop Deoras

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning and instruction-following capabilities, yet their expanded modality space introduces new compositional safety risks that emerge from complex text-image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xuankun Rong , Wenke Huang , Tingfeng Wang , Daiguo Zhou , Bo Du , Mang Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in business-critical domains such as finance, education, healthcare, and customer support, where users expect consistent and reliable recommendations. Yet LLMs often exhibit variability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Sonal Prabhune , Balaji Padmanabhan , Kaushik Dutta

The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), a reinforcement learning method used to fine-tune large language models (LLMs), has proved its effectiveness in practical applications such as DeepSeek-R1. It raises a question whether GRPO can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Yanchen Xu , Ziheng Jiao , Hongyuan Zhang , Xuelong Li

Visual-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated strong cross-scenario generalization capabilities in various robotic tasks through large-scale pre-training and task-specific fine-tuning. However, their training paradigm mainly relies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zengjue Chen , Runliang Niu , He Kong , Qi Wang , Qianli Xing , Zipei Fan

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown strong reasoning capabilities through large-scale pretraining and post-training reinforcement learning, demonstrated by DeepSeek-R1. However, current post-training methods, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Boyang Gu , Hongjian Zhou , Bradley Max Segal , Jinge Wu , Zeyu Cao , Hantao Zhong , Lei Clifton , Fenglin Liu , David A. Clifton

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has proven to be an effective tool for post-training language models (LMs). However, AI systems are increasingly expressed as modular programs that mix together multiple LM calls with distinct…

Recent advancements in reinforcement fine-tuning have significantly improved the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs). In particular, methods such as group relative policy optimization (GRPO) have demonstrated strong…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yang Zhan , Yunhao Li , Zhang Chao , Yuxu Lu , Yan Li

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), which is widely adopted by R1-like reasoning models, has advanced mathematical reasoning. Nevertheless, GRPO faces challenges in reward sparsity, verbosity, and inadequate focus on problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jixiao Zhang , Chunsheng Zuo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in various domains, showing impressive potential on different tasks. Recently, reasoning LLMs have been proposed to improve the \textit{reasoning} or \textit{thinking} capabilities of LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jiahao Yu , Zelei Cheng , Xian Wu , Xinyu Xing

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift from superficial instruction following to rigorous long-horizon reasoning. While Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xuan Xie , Xuan Wang , Wenjie Wang , Shuai Chen , Wei Lin

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing and automated decision-making. However, these models still encounter difficulties when performing complex reasoning tasks involving logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Yubo Dong , Hehe Fan

When applying reinforcement learning--typically through GRPO--to large vision-language model reasoning struggles to effectively scale reasoning length or generates verbose outputs across all tasks with only marginal gains in accuracy. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Wenyi Xiao , Leilei Gan

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective in strengthening the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). A widely adopted method, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), has shown strong empirical results in training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Peter Chen , Xiaopeng Li , Ziniu Li , Xi Chen , Tianyi Lin

State-of-the-art large multi-modal models (LMMs) face challenges when processing high-resolution images, as these inputs are converted into enormous visual tokens, many of which are irrelevant to the downstream task. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xinyu Huang , Yuhao Dong , Weiwei Tian , Bo Li , Rui Feng , Ziwei Liu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel in vision-language reasoning but often struggle with structured perception tasks requiring precise localization and robustness. We propose a reinforcement learning framework that augments Group…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xu Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive reasoning capabilities in well-defined problems with clear solutions, such as mathematics and coding. However, they still struggle with complex real-world scenarios like business…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xiaoqian Liu , Ke Wang , Yongbin Li , Yuchuan Wu , Wentao Ma , Aobo Kong , Fei Huang , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang