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Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Often in QEC errors are assumed to be independent and identically distributed and can be discretised to a random Pauli error during the execution of a…

The measurement of a quantum two-level system, or a qubit in modern terminology, often involves an electromagnetic field that interacts with the qubit, before the field is measured continuously and the qubit state is inferred from the noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-27 Shilin Ng , Mankei Tsang

The first generation of multi-qubit quantum technologies will consist of noisy, intermediate-scale devices for which active error correction remains out of reach. To exploit such devices, it is thus imperative to use passive error…

We propose a hybrid protocol to classify quantum noises using supervised classical machine learning models and simple quantum key distribution protocols. We consider the quantum bit error rates (QBERs) generated in QKD schemes under…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-02 Shreya Banerjee , Ashmi A. , Prasanta K. Panigrahi

Decoders of quantum error correction (QEC) experiments make decisions based on detected errors and the expected rates of error events, which together comprise a detector error model. Here we show that the syndrome history of QEC experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evangelia Takou , Kenneth R. Brown

Recent progress in fault-tolerant quantum computing suggests that leveraging error-syndrome information at the logical layer can substantially improve performance, including the estimation of logical observables from noisy states. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Kento Tsubouchi , Hyukgun Kwon , Liang Jiang , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

The precision advantages offered by harnessing the quantum states of sensors can be readily compromised by noise. However, when the noise has a different spatial function than the signal of interest, recent theoretical work shows how the…

Extracting information efficiently from quantum systems is a major component of quantum information processing tasks. Randomized measurements, or classical shadows, enable predicting many properties of arbitrary quantum states using few…

Quantum effect enables enhanced estimation precision in metrology, with the Heisenberg limit (HL) representing the ultimate limit allowed by quantum mechanics. Although the HL is generally unattainable in the presence of noise, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Himanshu Sahu , Qian Xu , Sisi Zhou

Accurately estimating high-order moments of quantum states is an elementary precondition for many crucial tasks in quantum computing, such as entanglement spectroscopy, entropy estimation, spectrum estimation, and predicting non-linear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Benchi Zhao , Mingrui Jing , Lei Zhang , Xuanqiang Zhao , Yu-Ao CHen , Kun Wang , Xin Wang

Studies of quantum error correction (QEC) typically focus on stochastic Pauli errors because the existence of a threshold error rate below which stochastic Pauli errors can be corrected implies that there exists a threshold below which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman

The demonstration of quantum error correction (QEC) is one of the most important milestones in the realization of fully-fledged quantum computers. Toward this, QEC experiments using the surface codes have recently been actively conducted.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-12 Mitsuki Katsuda , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

In the ongoing race towards experimental implementations of quantum error correction (QEC), finding ways to automatically discover codes and encoding strategies tailored to the qubit hardware platform is emerging as a critical problem.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Jan Olle , Remmy Zen , Matteo Puviani , Florian Marquardt

Characterizing noisy quantum processes is important to quantum computation and communication (QCC), since quantum systems are generally open. To date, all methods of characterization of quantum dynamics (CQD), typically implemented by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-28 S. Omkar , R. Srikanth , S. Banerjee

There has been tremendous progress in the physical realization of quantum computing hardware in recent times, bringing us closer than ever before to realizing the promise of quantum computing. However, noise continues to pose a crucial…

The presence of noise in quantum computers hinders their effective operation. Even though quantum error correction can theoretically remedy this problem, its practical realization is still a challenge. Testing and benchmarking noisy,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Adrian Ortega , Orsolya Kálmán , Tamás Kiss

Designing optimal control pulses that drive a noisy qubit to a target state is a challenging and crucial task for quantum engineering. In a situation where the properties of the quantum noise affecting the system are dynamic, a periodic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Akram Youssry , Gerardo A. Paz-Silva , Christopher Ferrie

Continuous-time quantum error correction (CTQEC) is an approach to protecting quantum information from noise in which both the noise and the error correcting operations are treated as processes that are continuous in time. This chapter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-03 Ognyan Oreshkov

Efficient error-mitigation techniques demanding minimal resources is key to quantum information processing. We propose a generic protocol to mitigate quantum errors using detection-based quantum autoencoders. In our protocol, the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-28 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Weicheng Kong , Muhammad Usman Farooq , Man-Hong Yung , Guoping Guo , Xin Wang

The remarkable discovery of Quantum Error Correction (QEC), which can overcome the errors experienced by a bit of quantum information (qubit), was a critical advance that gives hope for eventually realizing practical quantum computers. In…