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As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains such as healthcare, law, and education, the demand for transparent, interpretable, and accountable AI systems becomes more urgent. Explainable AI (XAI) acts as a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Francisco Herrera

Recommender systems have become integral to our digital experiences, from online shopping to streaming platforms. Still, the rationale behind their suggestions often remains opaque to users. While some systems employ a graph-based approach,…

Interpretability tools that offer explanations in the form of a dialogue have demonstrated their efficacy in enhancing users' understanding (Slack et al., 2023; Shen et al., 2023), as one-off explanations may fall short in providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Qianli Wang , Tatiana Anikina , Nils Feldhus , Josef van Genabith , Leonhard Hennig , Sebastian Möller

Large Language Models (LLMs) are playing an increasingly important role in physics research by assisting with symbolic manipulation, numerical computation, and scientific reasoning. However, ensuring the reliability, transparency, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yinggan Xu , Hana Kimlee , Yijia Xiao , Di Luo

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized the way that we interact with artificial intelligence systems through natural language. However, LLMs often misinterpret user queries because of their uncertain intention, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Jing-Cheng Pang , Heng-Bo Fan , Pengyuan Wang , Jia-Hao Xiao , Nan Tang , Si-Hang Yang , Chengxing Jia , Sheng-Jun Huang , Yang Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate responses to questions; however, their effectiveness is often hindered by sub-optimal quality of answers and occasional failures to provide accurate responses to questions. To address these challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Liang Zhang , Katherine Jijo , Spurthi Setty , Eden Chung , Fatima Javid , Natan Vidra , Tommy Clifford

In the rapidly evolving field of Explainable Natural Language Processing (NLP), textual explanations, i.e., human-like rationales, are pivotal for explaining model predictions and enriching datasets with interpretable labels. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mahdi Dhaini , Juraj Vladika , Ege Erdogan , Zineb Attaoui , Gjergji Kasneci

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly embedded in critical decision-making systems, however their foundational ``black-box'' models require eXplainable AI (XAI) solutions to enhance transparency, which are mostly oriented to experts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Eva Paraschou , Ioannis Arapakis , Sofia Yfantidou , Sebastian Macaluso , Athena Vakali

As machine learning models evolve, maintaining transparency demands more human-centric explainable AI techniques. Counterfactual explanations, with roots in human reasoning, identify the minimal input changes needed to obtain a given output…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Marharyta Domnich , Julius Välja , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Giacomo Magnifico , Kadi Tulver , Eduard Barbu , Raul Vicente

Automated decision making is used routinely throughout our everyday life. Recommender systems decide which jobs, movies, or other user profiles might be interesting to us. Spell checkers help us to make good use of language. Fraud detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Alexander Jung , Pedro H. J. Nardelli

The profusion of knowledge encoded in large language models (LLMs) and their ability to apply this knowledge zero-shot in a range of settings makes them promising candidates for use in decision-making. However, they are currently limited by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Gabriel Freedman , Adam Dejl , Deniz Gorur , Xiang Yin , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

Over the last few years there has been rapid research growth into eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and the closely aligned Interpretable Machine Learning (IML). Drivers for this growth include recent legislative changes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Richard Dazeley , Peter Vamplew , Cameron Foale , Charlotte Young , Sunil Aryal , Francisco Cruz

There are two main barriers to using large language models (LLMs) in clinical reasoning. Firstly, while LLMs exhibit significant promise in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, their performance in complex reasoning and planning falls…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Shengxin Hong , Liang Xiao , Xin Zhang , Jianxia Chen

Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely deployed to solve problems related to marketing attribution and budget optimization. However, AI models can be quite complex, and it can be difficult to understand model workings and insights without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Yilin Gao , Sai Kumar Arava , Yancheng Li , James W. Snyder

In artificial intelligence (AI), the complexity of many models and processes surpasses human understanding, making it challenging to determine why a specific prediction is made. This lack of transparency is particularly problematic in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-30 Alexandra Stadler , Werner G. Müller , Radoslav Harman

Mathematical reasoning and optimization are fundamental to artificial intelligence and computational problem-solving. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved AI-driven mathematical reasoning, theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Ali Forootani

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as formidable instruments capable of comprehending and producing human-like text. This paper explores the potential of LLMs, to shape user perspectives and subsequently influence their decisions on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ganesh Prasath Ramani , Shirish Karande , Santhosh V , Yash Bhatia

The perceived quality of the explanations accompanying e-government services is key to gaining trust in these institutions, consequently amplifying further usage of these services. Recent advances in generative AI, and concretely in Large…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Lior Limonad , Fabiana Fournier , Hadar Mulian , George Manias , Spiros Borotis , Danai Kyrkou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming vital tools that help us solve and understand complex problems by acting as digital assistants. LLMs can generate convincing explanations, even when only given the inputs and outputs of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Rohan Ajwani , Shashidhar Reddy Javaji , Frank Rudzicz , Zining Zhu

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to uncover the inner reasoning of machine learning models. In IoT systems, XAI improves the transparency of models processing sensor data from multiple heterogeneous devices, ensuring end-users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Michele Fiori , Gabriele Civitarese , Priyankar Choudhary , Claudio Bettini