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Continual learning has become essential in many practical applications such as online news summaries and product classification. The primary challenge is known as catastrophic forgetting, a phenomenon where a model inadvertently discards…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Xiaodi Li , Dingcheng Li , Rujun Gao , Mahmoud Zamani , Latifur Khan

Continual reinforcement learning challenges agents to acquire new skills while retaining previously learned ones with the goal of improving performance in both past and future tasks. Most existing approaches rely on model-free methods with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Abdulaziz Alyahya , Abdallah Al Siyabi , Markus R. Ernst , Luke Yang , Levin Kuhlmann , Gideon Kowadlo

Catastrophic forgetting and capacity saturation are the central challenges of any parametric lifelong learning system. In this work, we study these challenges in the context of sequential supervised learning with an emphasis on recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar , Yoshua Bengio

Learning from changing tasks and sequential experience without forgetting the obtained knowledge is a challenging problem for artificial neural networks. In this work, we focus on two challenging problems in the paradigm of Continual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Tao Feng , Hangjie Yuan , Mang Wang , Ziyuan Huang , Ang Bian , Jianzhou Zhang

Prompt-tuning methods for Continual Learning (CL) freeze a large pre-trained model and train a few parameter vectors termed prompts. Most of these methods organize these vectors in a pool of key-value pairs and use the input image as query…

Continual learning for large language models is typically evaluated through accuracy retention under sequential fine-tuning. We argue that this perspective is incomplete, because uncertainty reliability can degrade earlier and more sharply…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ibne Farabi Shihab , Sanjeda Akter , Anuj Sharma

With the emergence of Transformers and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP, fine-tuning large pre-trained models has recently become a prevalent strategy in Continual Learning. This has led to the development of numerous prompting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Emanuele Frascaroli , Aniello Panariello , Pietro Buzzega , Lorenzo Bonicelli , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara

The training of modern large language models (LLMs) takes place in a regime where most training examples are seen only a few times by the model during the course of training. What does a model remember about such examples seen only a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-31 A. Emin Orhan

In continual learning, a model learns incrementally over time while minimizing interference between old and new tasks. One of the most widely used approaches in continual learning is referred to as replay. Replay methods support interleaved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Truman Hickok , Dhireesha Kudithipudi

Continual Learning research typically focuses on tackling the phenomenon of catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Catastrophic forgetting is associated with an abrupt loss of knowledge previously learned by a model when the task, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-06 MohammadReza Davari , Nader Asadi , Sudhir Mudur , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Alignment plays a crucial role in Large Language Models (LLMs) in aligning with human preferences on a specific task/domain. Traditional alignment methods suffer from catastrophic forgetting, where models lose previously acquired knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Junsong Li , Jie Zhou , Bihao Zhan , Yutao Yang , Qianjun Pan , Shilian Chen , Tianyu Huai , Xin Li , Qin Chen , Liang He

In Continual learning (CL) balancing effective adaptation while combating catastrophic forgetting is a central challenge. Many of the recent best-performing methods utilize various forms of prior task data, e.g. a replay buffer, to tackle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Nader Asadi , MohammadReza Davari , Sudhir Mudur , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in various downstream tasks but typically face Catastrophic Forgetting (CF) during fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose the Forgetting-Aware Pruning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Wei Huang , Anda Cheng , Yinggui Wang

In Continual Learning, a Neural Network is trained on a stream of data whose distribution shifts over time. Under these assumptions, it is especially challenging to improve on classes appearing later in the stream while remaining accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Pietro Buzzega , Matteo Boschini , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara

The intrinsic capability to continuously learn a changing data stream is a desideratum of deep neural networks (DNNs). However, current DNNs suffer from catastrophic forgetting, which interferes with remembering past knowledge. To mitigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Nghia D. Nguyen , Hieu Trung Nguyen , Ang Li , Hoang Pham , Viet Anh Nguyen , Khoa D. Doan

Online continual learning (OCL) involves deep neural networks retaining knowledge from old data while adapting to new data, which is accessible only once. A critical challenge in OCL is catastrophic forgetting, reflected in reduced model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Huiwei Lin

Federated Continual Learning (FCL) has recently emerged as a crucial research area, as data from distributed clients typically arrives as a stream, requiring sequential learning. This paper explores a more practical and challenging FCL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Minh-Duong Nguyen , Le-Tuan Nguyen , Quoc-Viet Pham

General-purpose learning systems should improve themselves in open-ended fashion in ever-changing environments. Conventional learning algorithms for neural networks, however, suffer from catastrophic forgetting (CF), i.e., previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Kazuki Irie , Róbert Csordás , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Current unlearning methods for large language models usually rely on reverse optimization to reduce target token probabilities. However, this paradigm disrupts the subsequent tokens prediction, degrading model performance and linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Haoming Xu , Ningyuan Zhao , Liming Yang , Sendong Zhao , Shumin Deng , Mengru Wang , Bryan Hooi , Nay Oo , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

In the evolving landscape of Neural Machine Translation (NMT), the pretrain-then-finetune paradigm has yielded impressive results. However, the persistent challenge of Catastrophic Forgetting (CF) remains a hurdle. While previous work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Junhong Wu , Yuchen Liu , Chengqing Zong