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Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires systems to iteratively retrieve evidence and reason across multiple hops. While recent RAG and agentic methods report strong results, the underlying retrieval--reasoning \emph{process} is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yuelyu Ji , Zhuochun Li , Rui Meng , Daqing He

Many visual scenes contain text that carries crucial information, and it is thus essential to understand text in images for downstream reasoning tasks. For example, a deep water label on a warning sign warns people about the danger in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Ronghang Hu , Amanpreet Singh , Trevor Darrell , Marcus Rohrbach

In spite of the high accuracy of the existing optical mark reading (OMR) systems and devices, a few restrictions remain existent. In this work, we aim to reduce the restrictions of multiple choice questions (MCQ) within tests. We use an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Mahmoud Afifi , Khaled F. Hussain

Scientific figure multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) requires models to reason over diverse visual evidence, ranging from charts and multipanel figures to microscopy and biomedical images. However, this setting suffers from a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Taeyun Roh , Eun-yeong Jo , Wonjune Jang , Jaewoo Kang

Large language models have consistently struggled with complex reasoning tasks, such as mathematical problem-solving. Investigating the internal reasoning mechanisms of these models can help us design better model architectures and training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Zhiwei Wang , Yunji Wang , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhangchen Zhou , Hui Jin , Tianyang Hu , Jiacheng Sun , Zhenguo Li , Yaoyu Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

This paper examines a phenomenon in multimodal language models where pre-marked options in question images can significantly influence model responses. Our study employs a systematic methodology to investigate this effect: we present models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jaehyuk Lim , Bruce W. Lee

Recent findings raise concerns about whether the evaluation of Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA) accurately reflects the comprehension abilities of large language models. This paper explores the concept of choice sensitivity, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Gyeongje Cho , Yeonkyoung So , Jaejin Lee

Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) answering is a widely used method for evaluating the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, LLMs often exhibit selection bias in MCQ tasks, where their choices are influenced by factors like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Blessed Guda , Lawrence Francis , Gabrial Zencha Ashungafac , Carlee Joe-Wong , Moise Busogi

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used across diverse educational fields and levels. Well-designed MCQs should evaluate knowledge application in real-world situations. However, writing such test items in sufficient numbers is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Tetiana Krushynska , Jani Ursin , Ville Heilala

Multi-LLM revision pipelines, in which a second model reviews and improves a draft produced by a first, are widely assumed to derive their gains from genuine error correction. We question this assumption with a controlled decomposition…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Jingjie Ning , Xueqi Li , Chengyu Yu

This paper studies joint models for selecting correct answer sentences among the top $k$ provided by answer sentence selection (AS2) modules, which are core components of retrieval-based Question Answering (QA) systems. Our work shows that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Zeyu Zhang , Thuy Vu , Alessandro Moschitti

Recent work has shown that an answer verification step introduced in Transformer-based answer selection models can significantly improve the state of the art in Question Answering. This step is performed by aggregating the embeddings of top…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Zeyu Zhang , Thuy Vu , Alessandro Moschitti

We present MCQA, a learning-based algorithm for multimodal question answering. MCQA explicitly fuses and aligns the multimodal input (i.e. text, audio, and video), which forms the context for the query (question and answer). Our approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Abhishek Kumar , Trisha Mittal , Dinesh Manocha

When a model is trying to gather information in an interactive setting, it benefits from asking informative questions. However, in the case of a grounded multi-turn image identification task, previous studies have been constrained to polar…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Sedrick Keh , Justin T. Chiu , Daniel Fried

Yes, repurposing multiple-choice question-answering (MCQA) models for document reranking is both feasible and valuable. This preliminary work is founded on mathematical parallels between MCQA decision-making and cross-encoder semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Jasper Kyle Catapang

In this paper, we study the possibility of almost unsupervised Multiple Choices Question Answering (MCQA). Starting from very basic knowledge, MCQA model knows that some choices have higher probabilities of being correct than the others.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Chi-Liang Liu , Hung-yi Lee

In this paper, we propose a novel task, Manipulation Question Answering (MQA), where the robot performs manipulation actions to change the environment in order to answer a given question. To solve this problem, a framework consisting of a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Yuhong Deng , Di Guo , Xiaofeng Guo , Naifu Zhang , Huaping Liu , Fuchun Sun

This paper addresses the task of video question answering (videoQA) via a decomposed multi-stage, modular reasoning framework. Previous modular methods have shown promise with a single planning stage ungrounded in visual content. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Juhong Min , Shyamal Buch , Arsha Nagrani , Minsu Cho , Cordelia Schmid

Transfer learning is an important step to extract meaningful features and overcome the data limitation in the medical Visual Question Answering (VQA) task. However, most of the existing medical VQA methods rely on external data for transfer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Tuong Do , Binh X. Nguyen , Erman Tjiputra , Minh Tran , Quang D. Tran , Anh Nguyen

Closed-book question-answering (QA) is a challenging task that requires a model to directly answer questions without access to external knowledge. It has been shown that directly fine-tuning pre-trained language models with (question,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Qinyuan Ye , Belinda Z. Li , Sinong Wang , Benjamin Bolte , Hao Ma , Wen-tau Yih , Xiang Ren , Madian Khabsa