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Dense Retrieval Models (DRMs) are a prominent development in Information Retrieval (IR). A key challenge with these neural Transformer-based models is that they often struggle to generalize beyond the specific tasks and domains they were…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Effrosyni Sokli , Pranav Kasela , Georgios Peikos , Gabriella Pasi

Mixture-of-Experts models enable large language models to scale efficiently, as they only activate a subset of experts for each input. Their core mechanisms, Top-k routing and auxiliary load balancing, remain heuristic, however, lacking a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Ye Su , Yong Liu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) is a flexible framework that combines multiple specialized submodels (``experts''), by assigning covariate-dependent weights (``gating functions'') to each expert, and have been commonly used for analyzing…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Qicheng Zhao , Celia M. T. Greenwood , Qihuang Zhang

A useful strategy to deal with complex classification scenarios is the "divide and conquer" approach. The mixture of experts (MOE) technique makes use of this strategy by joinly training a set of classifiers, or experts, that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-05-30 Billy Peralta

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) paradigm provides a powerful way to decompose dense layers into smaller, modular computations often more amenable to human interpretation, debugging, and editability. However, a major challenge lies in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-18 James Oldfield , Markos Georgopoulos , Grigorios G. Chrysos , Christos Tzelepis , Yannis Panagakis , Mihalis A. Nicolaou , Jiankang Deng , Ioannis Patras

Continual Model Merging (CMM) sequentially integrates task-specific models into a unified architecture without intensive retraining. However, existing CMM methods are hindered by a fundamental saturation-redundancy dilemma: backbone-centric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Haiyun Qiu , Xingyu Wu , Kay Chen Tan

Sparse mixture of experts (SMoE) is an effective solution for scaling up model capacity without increasing the computational costs. A crucial component of SMoE is the router, responsible for directing the input to relevant experts; however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Giang Do , Kha Pham , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

The sparse activation mechanism of mixture of experts (MoE) model empowers edge intelligence with enhanced training efficiency and reduced computational resource consumption. However, traditional token routing in distributed MoE training…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Long Shi , Bingyan Ou , Kang Wei , Weihao Zhu , Zhe Wang , Zhiyong Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency. Despite its notable success in large language models (LLMs), existing attempts to apply MoE to Diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yujie Wei , Shiwei Zhang , Hangjie Yuan , Yujin Han , Zhekai Chen , Jiayu Wang , Difan Zou , Xihui Liu , Yingya Zhang , Yu Liu , Hongming Shan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity via sparse activation but stress memory and bandwidth. Offloading alleviates GPU memory by fetching experts on demand, yet token-level routing causes irregular transfers that make inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Zehao Fan , Garrett Gagnon , Yayue Hou , Nan Wu , Yangwook Kang , Liu Liu

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs face significant obstacles due to their massive parameter scale, which imposes memory, storage, and deployment challenges. Although recent expert merging methods promise greater efficiency by consolidating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Lujun Li , Zhu Qiyuan , Jiacheng Wang , Wei Li , Hao Gu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Hard-parameter sharing is a common strategy to train a single model jointly across diverse tasks. However, this often leads to task interference, impeding overall model performance. To address the issue, we propose a simple yet effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Hojun Jin , Eunsoo Hong , Ziwon Hyung , Sungjun Lim , Seungjin Lee , Keunseok Cho

Mixture of Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency, particularly in large-scale machine learning architectures such as large language models (LLMs). Recent…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yunting Xu , Jiacheng Wang , Ruichen Zhang , Changyuan Zhao , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Bo Qian , Haibo Zhou , Shiwen Mao , Abbas Jamalipour , Xuemin Shen , Dong In Kim

Recent studies have revealed the vulnerability of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to adversarial examples, which can easily fool DNNs into making incorrect predictions. To mitigate this deficiency, we propose a novel adversarial defense method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Qiao Han , yong huang , xinling Guo , Yiteng Zhai , Yu Qin , Yao Yang

Clinical event sequences in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) record detailed information about the patient condition and patient care as they occur in time. Recent years have witnessed increased interest of machine learning community in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Jeong Min Lee , Milos Hauskrecht

Mixture of experts (MoE) model is a statistical machine learning design that aggregates multiple expert networks using a softmax gating function in order to form a more intricate and expressive model. Despite being commonly used in several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures employ increasingly sophisticated routing mechanisms -- learned routers, multi-hop trajectories, token-dependent gating. We ask: does routing topology actually determine language modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ivan Ternovtsii , Yurii Bilak

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models offer immense capacity via sparsely gated expert subnetworks, yet adapting them to multiple domains without catastrophic forgetting remains an open challenge. Existing approaches either incur prohibitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Junzhuo Li , Bo Wang , Xiuze Zhou , Xuming Hu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising direction, offering efficiency and scalability by activating only a subset of parameters during inference. However, current research remains largely performance-centric,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiahao Ying , Mingbao Lin , Qianru Sun , Yixin Cao

The sparsely-gated Mixture of Experts (MoE) can magnify a network capacity with a little computational complexity. In this work, we investigate how multi-lingual Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) networks can be scaled up with a simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Kenichi Kumatani , Robert Gmyr , Felipe Cruz Salinas , Linquan Liu , Wei Zuo , Devang Patel , Eric Sun , Yu Shi