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Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an advancement and generalization of the conventional diagonal RIS (D-RIS) by introducing tunable interconnections between RIS elements, enabling smarter wave…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-10 Yiyang Peng , Hongyu Li , Zheyu Wu , Bruno Clerckx

This work investigates the modeling and optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices and provides additional flexibility for manipulating…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-22 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are promising and relatively low-cost tools for improving signal propagation in wireless communications. An RIS assists a base station in optimizing the channel and maximizing its capacity by…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-01 Andrey Sayanskiy , Andrey Belov , Ruslan Yafasov , Andrey Lyulyakin , Alexander Sherstobitov , Stanislav Glybovski , Vladimir Lyashev

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology shows great potential in sixth-generation (6G) terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) since it can effectively change wireless settings to improve connectivity. Extensive…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Wali Ullah Khan , Eva Lagunas , Asad Mahmood , Muhammad Asif , Manzoor Ahmed , Symeon Chatzinotas

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology in wireless communications, offering unprecedented control over signal propagation. This study focuses on passive beyond diagonal reconfigurable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Ainna Yue Moreno-Locubiche , Josep Vidal

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a promising technology for 6G wireless networks, offering more advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation than conventional diagonal RIS. This paper…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao , Wonjae Shin

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) hold significant promise for enhancing physical layer security (PLS). However, conventional RISs are typically modeled using diagonal scattering matrices, capturing only independent reflections…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Weijie Xiong , Jingran Lin , Cunhua Pan , Yilong Zeng , Qiang Li

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) bring various benefits to the current and upcoming wireless networks, including enhanced spectrum and energy efficiency, soft handover, transmission reliability, and even localization accuracy.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-03 Jiguang He , Aymen Fakhreddine , Arthur S. de Sena , Yu Tian , Merouane Debbah

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) extends conventional RIS through novel architectures, such as group-connected RIS, with scattering matrix not restricted to being diagonal. However, it remains unexplored how to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) are programmable metasurfaces that can adaptively steer received electromagnetic energy in desired directions by employing controllable phase shifting cells. Among other uses, an RIS can modify the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Ender Ayanoglu , Filippo Capolino , A. Lee Swindlehurst

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), a recently introduced technology for future wireless com-munication systems, enhances the spectral and energy efficiency by intelligently adjusting the propaga-tion conditions between a base station…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-08 Huimei Han , Jun Zhao , Zehui Xiong , Dusit Niyato , Wenchao Zhai , Marco Di Renzo , Quoc-Viet Pham , Weidang Lu

This paper delves into the unexplored frequency-dependent characteristics of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs). A generalized practical frequency-dependent reflection model is proposed as a fundamental framework…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Arthur S. de Sena , Mehdi Rasti , Nurul H. Mahmood , Matti Latva-aho

Curved reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) represent a promising frontier for next-generation wireless communication, enabling adaptive wavefront control on nonplanar platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles and urban…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-02 Filippo Pepe , Ivan Iudice , Giuseppe Castaldi , Marco Di Renzo , Vincenzo Galdi

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), also known as intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs), or large intelligent surfaces (LISs), have received significant attention for their potential to enhance the capacity and coverage of wireless…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-05 Yuanwei Liu , Xiao Liu , Xidong Mu , Tianwei Hou , Jiaqi Xu , Marco Di Renzo , Naofal Al-Dhahir

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) allow controlling the propagation environment in wireless networks through reconfigurable elements. Recently, beyond diagonal RISs (BD-RISs) have been proposed as novel RIS architectures whose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

The demanding objectives for the future sixth generation (6G) of wireless communication networks have spurred recent research efforts on novel materials and radio-frequency front-end architectures for wireless connectivity, as well as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Mengnan Jian , George C. Alexandropoulos , Ertugrul Basar , Chongwen Huang , Ruiqi Liu , Yuanwei Liu , Chau Yuen

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. This paper explores the potential of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-21 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

This paper addresses the hardware structure of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) and presents a comprehensive overview of RIS design, considering both unit design and prototype systems. It commences by tracing the evolutionary…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-26 Rujing Xiong , Jianan Zhang , Fuhai Wang , Zhengyu Wang , Xiang Ren , Junshuo Liu , Jialong Lu , Kai Wan , Tiebin Mi , Robert Caiming Qiu

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are regarded as a promising emerging hardware technology to improve the spectrum and energy efficiency of wireless networks by artificially reconfiguring the propagation environment of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Xiaojun Yuan , Ying-Jun Angela Zhang , Yuanming Shi , Wenjing Yan , Hang Liu

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a new advance and generalization of the RIS technique. BD-RIS breaks through the isolation between RIS elements by creatively introducing inter-element connections, thereby…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-11 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Yumeng Zhang , Bruno Clerckx