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Advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have enabled effective cross-modality retrieval. However, when both text and images exist in the database, similarity scores would differ in scale by modality. This phenomenon, known as the modality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shuhei Yamashita , Daiki Shirafuji , Tatsuhiko Saito

Embedding models have been crucial in enabling various downstream tasks such as semantic similarity, information retrieval, and clustering. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in developing universal text embedding models that can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ziyan Jiang , Rui Meng , Xinyi Yang , Semih Yavuz , Yingbo Zhou , Wenhu Chen

Visual-language models (VLMs) excel at data mappings, but real-world document heterogeneity and unstructuredness disrupt the consistency of cross-modal embeddings. Recent late-interaction methods enhance image-text alignment through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Weiqing Li , Jinyue Guo , Yaqi Wang , Haiyang Xiao , Yuewei Zhang , Guohua Liu , Hao Henry Wang

Multimodal fusion is susceptible to modality imbalance, where dominant modalities overshadow weak ones, easily leading to biased learning and suboptimal fusion, especially for incomplete modality conditions. To address this problem, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xiang Shi , Rui Zhang , Jiawei Liu , Yinpeng Liu , Qikai Cheng , Wei Lu

With the rapid advancement of multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) in recent years, the foundational Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) framework has been successfully extended to MLLMs, enabling more powerful and universal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Youze Xue , Dian Li , Gang Liu

The fine-tuning of large vision-language foundation models remains an underexplored area, particularly regarding its impact on learning gains and catastrophic forgetting. Inspired by the significance of modality gaps in contrastive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Laura Niss , Kevin Vogt-Lowell , Theodoros Tsiligkaridis

Feature matching is a cornerstone task in computer vision, essential for applications such as image retrieval, stereo matching, 3D reconstruction, and SLAM. This survey comprehensively reviews modality-based feature matching, exploring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Weide Liu , Wei Zhou , Jun Liu , Ping Hu , Jun Cheng , Jungong Han , Weisi Lin

Recent Vision-Language Pre-trained (VLP) models based on dual encoder have attracted extensive attention from academia and industry due to their superior performance on various cross-modal tasks and high computational efficiency. They…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Bin Shan , Weichong Yin , Yu Sun , Hao Tian , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are a new family of models that align image content with natural language. Existing approaches typically fuse either (a) early: by mixing tokens/features inside the encoders, or (b) late: by comparing pooled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Benjamin Fein-Ashley , Jacob Fein-Ashley

Learning from multiple modalities, such as audio and video, offers opportunities for leveraging complementary information, enhancing robustness, and improving contextual understanding and performance. However, combining such modalities…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Konstantinos Kontras , Christos Chatzichristos , Matthew Blaschko , Maarten De Vos

Recent advancements in Vision-Language (VL) models have sparked interest in their deployment on edge devices, yet challenges in handling diverse visual modalities, manual annotation, and computational constraints remain. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Kaiwen Cai , Zhekai Duan , Gaowen Liu , Charles Fleming , Chris Xiaoxuan Lu

Multimodal learning integrates information from different modalities to enhance model performance, yet it often suffers from modality imbalance, where dominant modalities overshadow weaker ones during joint optimization. This paper reveals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Xiaoyu Ma , Hao Chen

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel in integrating visual and textual information for vision-centric tasks, but their handling of inconsistencies between modalities is underexplored. We investigate VLMs' modality preferences when faced with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Ailin Deng , Tri Cao , Zhirui Chen , Bryan Hooi

Vision-language pre-training like CLIP has shown promising performance on various downstream tasks such as zero-shot image classification and image-text retrieval. Most of the existing CLIP-alike works usually adopt relatively large image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Ying Nie , Wei He , Kai Han , Yehui Tang , Tianyu Guo , Fanyi Du , Yunhe Wang

The Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) framework has become a widely used approach for multimodal representation learning, particularly in image-text retrieval and clustering. However, its efficacy is constrained by three key…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Tiancheng Gu , Kaicheng Yang , Ziyong Feng , Xingjun Wang , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Yingda Chen , Weidong Cai , Jiankang Deng

Balancing temporal resolution and spatial detail under limited compute budget remains a key challenge for video-based multi-modal large language models (MLLMs). Existing methods typically compress video representations using predefined…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Min Shi , Shihao Wang , Chieh-Yun Chen , Jitesh Jain , Kai Wang , Junjun Xiong , Guilin Liu , Zhiding Yu , Humphrey Shi

Contrastive Language--Image Pre-training (CLIP) has manifested remarkable improvements in zero-shot classification and cross-modal vision-language tasks. Yet, from a geometrical point of view, the CLIP embedding space has been found to have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Sedigheh Eslami , Gerard de Melo

Language models (LMs) and their extension, vision-language models (VLMs), have achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they still struggle with complex reasoning tasks that require multimodal or multilingual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Wenyi Wu , Zixuan Song , Kun Zhou , Yifei Shao , Zhiting Hu , Biwei Huang

We introduce OmnixR, an evaluation suite designed to benchmark SoTA Omni-modality Language Models, such as GPT-4o and Gemini. Evaluating OLMs, which integrate multiple modalities such as text, vision, and audio, presents unique challenges.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Lichang Chen , Hexiang Hu , Mingda Zhang , Yiwen Chen , Zifeng Wang , Yandong Li , Pranav Shyam , Tianyi Zhou , Heng Huang , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Boqing Gong

The natural world is abundant with concepts expressed via visual, acoustic, tactile, and linguistic modalities. Much of the existing progress in multimodal learning, however, focuses primarily on problems where the same set of modalities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Paul Pu Liang , Peter Wu , Liu Ziyin , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov
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