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With the spreading of hate speech on social media in recent years, automatic detection of hate speech is becoming a crucial task and has attracted attention from various communities. This task aims to recognize online posts (e.g., tweets)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Jiaxuan Li , Yue Ning

Algorithmic hate speech detection faces significant challenges due to the diverse definitions and datasets used in research and practice. Social media platforms, legal frameworks, and institutions each apply distinct yet overlapping…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Jan Fillies , Adrian Paschke

The number of increased social media users has led to a lot of people misusing these platforms to spread offensive content and use hate speech. Manual tracking the vast amount of posts is impractical so it is necessary to devise automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Arka Mitra , Priyanshu Sankhala

With the proliferation of social media, there has been a sharp increase in offensive content, particularly targeting vulnerable groups, exacerbating social problems such as hatred, racism, and sexism. Detecting offensive language use is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Toygar Tanyel , Besher Alkurdi , Serkan Ayvaz

The proliferation of hate speech has inflicted significant societal harm, with its intensity and directionality closely tied to specific targets and arguments. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been developed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zewen Bai , Liang Yang , Shengdi Yin , Yuanyuan Sun , Hongfei Lin

Hate speech detection within a cross-lingual setting represents a paramount area of interest for all medium and large-scale online platforms. Failing to properly address this issue on a global scale has already led over time to morally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Teodor Tiţa , Arkaitz Zubiaga

With the growth of online services, the need for advanced text classification algorithms, such as sentiment analysis and biased text detection, has become increasingly evident. The anonymous nature of online services often leads to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Dasol Choi , Jooyoung Song , Eunsun Lee , Jinwoo Seo , Heejune Park , Dongbin Na

In multilingual societies like the Indian subcontinent, use of code-switched languages is much popular and convenient for the users. In this paper, we study offense and abuse detection in the code-switched pair of Hindi and English (i.e.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Raghav Kapoor , Yaman Kumar , Kshitij Rajput , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Roger Zimmermann

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a lucrative promise for scalable content moderation, including hate speech detection. However, they are also known to be brittle and biased against marginalised communities and dialects. This requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ananya Malik , Kartik Sharma , Shaily Bhatt , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng

Detecting hate speech in non-direct forms, such as irony, sarcasm, and innuendos, remains a persistent challenge for social networks. Although sarcasm and hate speech are regarded as distinct expressions, our work explores whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Angelly Cabrera , Linus Lei , Antonio Ortega

The effective detection and governance of Large Language Model (LLM) generated content has become increasingly critical due to the growing risk of misuse. Despite the impressive performance of existing detectors, their reliability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Junchao Wu , Yefeng Liu , Chenyu Zhu , Hao Zhang , Zeyu Wu , Tianqi Shi , Yichao Du , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Jinsong Su , Derek F. Wong

Research on hate speech has predominantly revolved around detection and interpretation from textual inputs, leaving verbal content largely unexplored. While there has been limited exploration into hate speech detection within verbal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Jinmyeong An , Wonjun Lee , Yejin Jeon , Jungseul Ok , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Hostile content on social platforms is ever increasing. This has led to the need for proper detection of hostile posts so that appropriate action can be taken to tackle them. Though a lot of work has been done recently in the English…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Ojasv Kamal , Adarsh Kumar , Tejas Vaidhya

Hate speech detection deals with many language variants, slang, slurs, expression modalities, and cultural nuances. This outlines the importance of working with specific corpora, when addressing hate speech within the scope of Natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Juan Manuel Pérez , Paula Miguel , Viviana Cotik

Sentiment analysis is crucial for brand reputation management in the banking sector, where customer feedback spans English, Sinhala, Singlish, and code-mixed text. Existing models struggle with low-resource languages like Sinhala and lack…

The enormous amount of data being generated on the web and social media has increased the demand for detecting online hate speech. Detecting hate speech will reduce their negative impact and influence on others. A lot of effort in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Hind Saleh , Areej Alhothali , Kawthar Moria

Hate speech remains prevalent in human society and continues to evolve in its forms and expressions. Modern advancements in internet and online anonymity accelerate its rapid spread and complicate its detection. However, hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yejin Lee , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han

Toxic language detection systems often falsely flag text that contains minority group mentions as toxic, as those groups are often the targets of online hate. Such over-reliance on spurious correlations also causes systems to struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Thomas Hartvigsen , Saadia Gabriel , Hamid Palangi , Maarten Sap , Dipankar Ray , Ece Kamar

In this paper we investigate the explainability of transformer models and their plausibility for hate speech and counter speech detection. We compare representatives of four different explainability approaches, i.e., gradient-based,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Adrian Jaques Böck , Djordje Slijepčević , Matthias Zeppelzauer

Sarcasm is a linguistic expression often used to communicate the opposite of what is said, usually something that is very unpleasant with an intention to insult or ridicule. Inherent ambiguity in sarcastic expressions, make sarcasm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Ramya Akula , Ivan Garibay