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Modeling genomic sequences faces two unsolved challenges: the information density varies widely across different regions, while there is no clearly defined minimum vocabulary unit. Relying on either four primitive bases or independently…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-20 Siyuan Li , Kai Yu , Anna Wang , Zicheng Liu , Chang Yu , Jingbo Zhou , Qirong Yang , Yucheng Guo , Xiaoming Zhang , Stan Z. Li

Genomic foundation models have the potential to decode DNA syntax, yet face a fundamental tradeoff in their input representation. Standard fixed-vocabulary tokenizers fragment biologically meaningful motifs such as codons and regulatory…

Foundation models have made significant strides in understanding the genomic language of DNA sequences. However, previous models typically adopt the tokenization methods designed for natural language, which are unsuitable for DNA sequences…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-19 Lifeng Qiao , Peng Ye , Yuchen Ren , Weiqiang Bai , Chaoqi Liang , Xinzhu Ma , Nanqing Dong , Wanli Ouyang

Although DNA foundation models have advanced the understanding of genomes, they still face significant challenges in the limited scale and diversity of genomic data. This limitation starkly contrasts with the success of natural language…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-14 Huixin Zhan , Ying Nian Wu , Zijun Zhang

DNA sequences encode critical genetic information, yet their variable length and discrete nature impede direct utilization in deep learning models. Existing DNA representation schemes convert sequences into numerical vectors but fail to…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-16 Zhiyuan Peng , Naifan Zhang , Yuanbo Tang , Yang Li

Tokens serve as the basic units of representation in DNA language models (DNALMs), yet their design remains underexplored. Unlike natural language, DNA lacks inherent token boundaries or predefined compositional rules, making tokenization a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Nan Huang , Xiaoxiao Zhou , Junxia Cui , Mario Tapia-Pacheco , Tiffany Amariuta , Yang Li , Jingbo Shang

Major progress on language models (LMs) in recent years has largely resulted from moving away from specialized models designed for specific tasks, to general models based on powerful architectures (e.g. the Transformer) that learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Sukjun Hwang , Brandon Wang , Albert Gu

DNA language models have advanced genomics, but their downstream performance varies widely due to differences in tokenization, pretraining data, and architecture. We argue that a major bottleneck lies in tokenizing sparse and unevenly…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-23 Xiaoxiao Zhou , Zihan Wang , Jingbo Shang , Yang E. Li

Similar to natural language models, pre-trained genome language models are proposed to capture the underlying intricacies within genomes with unsupervised sequence modeling. They have become essential tools for researchers and practitioners…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-04 Siyuan Li , Zedong Wang , Zicheng Liu , Di Wu , Cheng Tan , Jiangbin Zheng , Yufei Huang , Stan Z. Li

Genome modeling conventionally treats gene sequence as a language, reflecting its structured motifs and long-range dependencies analogous to linguistic units and organization principles such as words and syntax. Recent studies utilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Lei Mao , Yuanhe Tian , Yan Song

Adapting language models to new data distributions by simple finetuning is challenging. This is due to the rigidity of their subword tokenizers, which typically remain unchanged during adaptation. This inflexibility often leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Abraham Toluwase Owodunni , Orevaoghene Ahia , Sachin Kumar

Gene transformer models such as Nucleotide Transformer, DNABert, and LOGO are trained to learn optimal gene sequence representations by using the Masked Language Modeling (MLM) training objective over the complete Human Reference Genome.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Soumyadeep Roy , Shamik Sural , Niloy Ganguly

DNA is a leading candidate as the next archival storage media due to its density, durability and sustainability. To read (and write) data DNA storage exploits technology that has been developed over decades to sequence naturally occurring…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Jasmine Quah , Omer Sella , Thomas Heinis

Transformers achieve unrivalled performance in modelling language, but remain inefficient in terms of memory and time complexity. A possible remedy is to reduce the sequence length in the intermediate layers by pooling fixed-length segments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Piotr Nawrot , Jan Chorowski , Adrian Łańcucki , Edoardo M. Ponti

Language models, especially transformer-based ones, have achieved colossal success in NLP. To be precise, studies like BERT for NLU and works like GPT-3 for NLG are very important. If we consider DNA sequences as a text written with an…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-21 Musa Nuri Ihtiyar , Arzucan Ozgur

Character-level language models obviate the need for separately trained tokenizers, but efficiency suffers from longer sequence lengths. Learning to combine character representations into tokens has made training these models more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 William Fleshman , Benjamin Van Durme

We introduce and train distributed neural architectures (DNA) in vision and language domains. DNAs are initialized with a proto-architecture that consists of (transformer, MLP, attention, etc.) modules and routers. Any token (or patch) can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Aditya Cowsik , Tianyu He , Andrey Gromov

Representation learning and \emph{de novo} generation of proteins are pivotal computational biology tasks. Whilst natural language processing (NLP) techniques have proven highly effective for protein sequence modelling, structure modelling…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-08 Benoit Gaujac , Jérémie Donà , Liviu Copoiu , Timothy Atkinson , Thomas Pierrot , Thomas D. Barrett

Many natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, such as shallow parsing (i.e., text chunking) and semantic slot filling, require the assignment of representative labels to the meaningful chunks in a sentence. Most of the current deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Feifei Zhai , Saloni Potdar , Bing Xiang , Bowen Zhou

The future development of an AI scientist, a tool that is capable of integrating a variety of experimental data and generating testable hypotheses, holds immense potential. So far, bespoke machine learning models have been created to…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-05 Tyler D. Ross , Ashwin Gopinath
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