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Task-oriented dialogue systems have been plagued by the difficulties of obtaining large-scale and high-quality annotated conversations. Furthermore, most of the publicly available datasets only include written conversations, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Xin Tian , Xinxian Huang , Dongfeng He , Yingzhan Lin , Siqi Bao , Huang He , Liankai Huang , Qiang Ju , Xiyuan Zhang , Jian Xie , Shuqi Sun , Fan Wang , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang

We propose a reinforcement learning-based approach to optimize conversational strategies for product recommendation across diverse industries. As organizations increasingly adopt intelligent agents to support sales and service operations,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kang Liu

A personalized conversational sales agent could have much commercial potential. E-commerce companies such as Amazon, eBay, JD, Alibaba etc. are piloting such kind of agents with their users. However, the research on this topic is very…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Yueming Sun , Yi Zhang

Task-oriented dialogue systems based on Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained increasing attention across various industries and achieved significant results. Current approaches condense complex procedural workflows into a single agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Zihao Feng , Xiaoxue Wang , Bowen Wu , Weihong Zhong , Zhen Xu , Hailong Cao , Tiejun Zhao , Ying Li , Baoxun Wang

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu

Current state-of-the-art neural dialogue models learn from human conversations following the data-driven paradigm. As such, a reliable training corpus is the crux of building a robust and well-behaved dialogue model. However, due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Hengyi Cai , Hongshen Chen , Yonghao Song , Cheng Zhang , Xiaofang Zhao , Dawei Yin

Dialogue assistants are rapidly becoming an indispensable daily aid. To avoid the significant effort needed to hand-craft the required dialogue flow, the Dialogue Management (DM) module can be cast as a continuous Markov Decision Process…

Recent advancements in dialogue policy planning have emphasized optimizing system agent policies to achieve predefined goals, focusing on strategy design, trajectory acquisition, and efficient training paradigms. However, these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Tao He , Lizi Liao , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Many task-oriented dialogue systems use deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to learn policies that respond to the user appropriately and complete the tasks successfully. Training DRL agents with diverse dialogue trajectories prepare them well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Zhiwen Tang , Hrishikesh Kulkarni , Grace Hui Yang

Task-Oriented Dialogue (TOD) systems are drawing more and more attention in recent studies. Current methods focus on constructing pre-trained models or fine-tuning strategies while the evaluation of TOD is limited by a policy mismatch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Qinyuan Cheng , Linyang Li , Guofeng Quan , Feng Gao , Xiaofeng Mou , Xipeng Qiu

Task oriented dialogue systems (TOD) complete particular tasks based on user preferences across natural language interactions. Considering the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Arezoo Saedi , Afsaneh Fatemi , Mohammad Ali Nematbakhsh , Sophie Rosset , Anne Vilnat

The development of autonomous tool-use agents for complex, long-horizon tasks in collaboration with human users has become the frontier of agentic research. During multi-turn Human-AI interactions, the dynamic and uncertain nature of user…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Prince Zizhuang Wang , Shuli Jiang

Efficient data selection is crucial to accelerate the pretraining of language model (LMs). While various methods have been proposed to enhance data efficiency, limited research has addressed the inherent conflicts between these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Tianyi Bai , Ling Yang , Zhen Hao Wong , Fupeng Sun , Jiahui Peng , Xinlin Zhuang , Chi Zhang , Lijun Wu , Jiantao Qiu , Wentao Zhang , Binhang Yuan , Conghui He

Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods have emerged as a popular choice for training an efficient and effective dialogue policy. However, these methods suffer from sparse and unstable reward signals returned by a user simulator only when a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Ziming Li , Sungjin Lee , Baolin Peng , Jinchao Li , Julia Kiseleva , Maarten de Rijke , Shahin Shayandeh , Jianfeng Gao

Artificially intelligent agents equipped with strategic skills that can negotiate during their interactions with other natural or artificial agents are still underdeveloped. This paper describes a successful application of Deep…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-11-28 Heriberto Cuayáhuitl , Simon Keizer , Oliver Lemon

Agents powered by large language models have shown remarkable abilities in solving complex tasks. However, most agent systems remain reactive, limiting their effectiveness in scenarios requiring foresight and autonomous decision-making. In…

Linear programming (LP) problems are pervasive in real-life applications. However, despite their apparent simplicity, an untrained user may find it difficult to determine the linear model of their specific problem. We envisage the creation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Yelaman Abdullin , Diego Molla-Aliod , Bahadorreza Ofoghi , John Yearwood , Qingyang Li

Pre-trained language models (PrLM) has been shown powerful in enhancing a broad range of downstream tasks including various dialogue related ones. However, PrLMs are usually trained on general plain text with common language model (LM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Yi Xu , Hai Zhao

Information-Seeking Dialogue (ISD) agents aim to provide accurate responses to user queries. While proficient in directly addressing user queries, these agents, as well as LLMs in general, predominantly exhibit reactive behavior, lacking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jing Yang Lee , Seokhwan Kim , Kartik Mehta , Jiun-Yu Kao , Yu-Hsiang Lin , Arpit Gupta

We have seen remarkable progress in large language models (LLMs) empowered multi-agent systems solving complex tasks necessitating cooperation among experts with diverse skills. However, optimizing LLM-based multi-agent systems remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Ming Shen , Raphael Shu , Anurag Pratik , James Gung , Yubin Ge , Monica Sunkara , Yi Zhang
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