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Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a crucial role in pathology as it detects the over-expression of protein in tissue samples. However, there are still fewer machine learning model studies on IHC's impact on accurate cancer grading. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Jun Wang , Yu Mao , Yufei Cui , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for assessing specific immune biomarkers like Human Epidermal growth-factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer. However, the traditional protocols of obtaining IHC stains are resource-intensive,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Aasim Bin Saleem , Amr Ahmed , Ardhendu Behera , Hafeezullah Amin , Iman Yi Liao , Mahmoud Khattab , Pan Jia Wern , Haslina Makmur

This paper introduces a Virtual Immunohistochemistry Multiplex staining (VIMs) model designed to generate multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from a single hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section. IHC stains are crucial in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Shikha Dubey , Yosep Chong , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Breast cancer is a highly fatal disease among cancers in women, and early detection is crucial for treatment. HER2 status, a valuable diagnostic marker based on Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, is instrumental in determining breast…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Linda Wei , Shengyi Hua , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

Breast cancer presents a significant healthcare challenge globally, demanding precise diagnostics and effective treatment strategies, where histopathological examination of Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections plays a central…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-06 Linhao Qu , Chengsheng Zhang , Guihui Li , Haiyong Zheng , Chen Peng , Wei He

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining serves as a valuable technique for detecting specific antigens or proteins through antibody-mediated visualization. However, the IHC staining process is both time-consuming and costly. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zetong Chen , Yuzhuo Chen , Hai Zhong , Xu Qiao

Histopathology, particularly hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining, plays a critical role in diagnosing and characterizing pathological conditions by highlighting tissue morphology. However, H\&E-stained images inherently lack molecular…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Qing Wang , Wen-jie Chen , Bo Li , Jing Su , Guangyu Wang , Qianqian Song

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining plays a significant role in the evaluation of diseases such as breast cancer. The H&E-to-IHC transformation based on generative models provides a simple and cost-effective method for obtaining IHC images.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yifan Jia , Xingda Yu , Zhengyang Ji , Songning Lai , Yutao Yue

Prostate cancer diagnosis heavily relies on histopathological evaluation, which is subject to variability. While immunohistochemical staining (IHC) assists in distinguishing benign from malignant tissue, it involves increased work, higher…

Deep learning models can generate virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, offering a scalable and low-cost alternative to laboratory IHC. However, reliable evaluation of image quality remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tushar Kataria , Shikha Dubey , Mary Bronner , Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz , Ben J. Brintz , Shireen Y. Elhabian , Beatrice S. Knudsen

Virtual staining of histopathology images (e.g., H&E-IHC) is an emerging tool in digital pathology, enabling faster and cheaper workflows by synthesizing target stains from routinely acquired slides. Yet, the quality of virtual staining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Fedor Gubanov , Svetlana Illarionova , Vlad Kozlovskiy , Mikhail Romanov , Yersultan Akhmetov , Aida Akaeva , Vyacheslav Grinevich , Rifat Hamoudi , Maxim Sharaev

Histological examination is a crucial step in an autopsy; however, the traditional histochemical staining of post-mortem samples faces multiple challenges, including the inferior staining quality due to autolysis caused by delayed fixation…

Computational pathology is a domain that aims to develop algorithms to automatically analyze large digitized histopathology images, called whole slide images (WSI). WSIs are produced scanning thin tissue samples that are stained to make…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-20 Niccoló Marini , Manfredo Atzori , Sebastian Otálora , Stephane Marchand-Maillet , Henning Müller

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is widely regarded as the standard in pathology for diagnosing diseases and tracking tumor recurrence. While H&E staining shows tissue structures, it lacks the ability to reveal specific proteins that…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Histopathological evaluation of tissue samples is a key practice in patient diagnosis and drug development, especially in oncology. Historically, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) has been used by pathologists as a gold standard staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Amal Lahiani , Jacob Gildenblat , Irina Klaman , Shadi Albarqouni , Nassir Navab , Eldad Klaiman

Multiplex imaging is revolutionizing pathology by enabling the simultaneous visualization of multiple biomarkers within tissue samples, providing molecular-level insights that traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining cannot provide.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Hyun-Jic Oh , Junsik Kim , Zhiyi Shi , Yichen Wu , Yu-An Chen , Peter K Sorger , Hanspeter Pfister , Won-Ki Jeong

Medical practitioners use a number of diagnostic tests to make a reliable diagnosis. Traditionally, Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained glass slides have been used for cancer diagnosis and tumor detection. However, recently a variety of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-27 Abubakr Shafique , Morteza Babaie , Ricardo Gonzalez , H. R. Tizhoosh

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides information on protein expression in tissue sections and is commonly used to support pathology diagnosis and disease triage. While AI models for H\&E-stained slides show promise, their applicability to…

Sensitivity to staining variation remains a major barrier to deploying computational pathology (CPath) models as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining varies across laboratories, requiring systematic assessment of how this variability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Lydia A. Schönpflug , Nikki van den Berg , Sonali Andani , Nanda Horeweg , Jurriaan Barkey Wolf , Tjalling Bosse , Viktor H. Koelzer , Maxime W. Lafarge