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Given the high cost of large language model (LLM) training from scratch, safeguarding LLM intellectual property (IP) has become increasingly crucial. As the standard paradigm for IP ownership verification, LLM fingerprinting thus plays a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zixun Xiong , Gaoyi Wu , Qingyang Yu , Mingyu Derek Ma , Lingfeng Yao , Miao Pan , Xiaojiang Du , Hao Wang

With the rapid rise of large models, copyright protection for generated image content has become a critical security challenge. Although deep learning watermarking techniques offer an effective solution for digital image copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shaowu Wu , Liting Zeng , Wei Lu , Xiangyang Luo

Graph-structured data is foundational to numerous web applications, and watermarking is crucial for protecting their intellectual property and ensuring data provenance. Existing watermarking methods primarily operate on graph structures or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Jiasen Li , Yanwei Liu , Zhuoyi Shang , Xiaoyan Gu , Weiping Wang

Deep neural networks are valuable assets considering their commercial benefits and huge demands for costly annotation and computation resources. To protect the copyright of DNNs, backdoor-based ownership verification becomes popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Guanhao Gan , Yiming Li , Dongxian Wu , Shu-Tao Xia

Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. These models are often deployed on the server-side and receive user data in an information-rich representation to solve a specific task, such as image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Jonghu Jeong , Minyong Cho , Philipp Benz , Jinwoo Hwang , Jeewook Kim , Seungkwan Lee , Tae-hoon Kim

The advances in the Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) research offer extensive applications in diverse domains, but protecting their copyrights has not yet been researched in depth. Recently, NeRF watermarking has been considered one of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Youngdong Jang , Dong In Lee , MinHyuk Jang , Jong Wook Kim , Feng Yang , Sangpil Kim

Watermarking is a promising defense against the misuse of large language models (LLMs), yet it remains vulnerable to scrubbing and spoofing attacks. This vulnerability stems from an inherent trade-off governed by watermark window size:…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Huanming Shen , Baizhou Huang , Xiaojun Wan

Vision-language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable abilities by integrating large language models with visual inputs. However, they often fail to utilize visual evidence adequately, either depending on linguistic priors in vision-centric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiaojun Guo , Runyu Zhou , Yifei Wang , Qi Zhang , Chenheng Zhang , Stefanie Jegelka , Xiaohan Wang , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Yisen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Based on these LLMs, businesses have started to provide Embeddings-as-a-Service (EaaS), offering feature extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Anudeex Shetty

Large language model (LLM) watermarking has emerged as a promising approach for detecting and attributing AI-generated text, yet its robustness to black-box spoofing remains insufficiently evaluated. Existing evaluation methods often demand…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hanbo Huang , Xuan Gong , Yiran Zhang , Hao Zheng , Shiyu Liang

In recent years, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has emerged as an effective approach to solving real-world tasks. However, despite their successes, DRL-based policies suffer from poor reliability, which limits their deployment in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Davide Corsi , Guy Amir , Andoni Rodriguez , Cesar Sanchez , Guy Katz , Roy Fox

Embeddings-as-a-Service (EaaS) is a service offered by large language model (LLM) developers to supply embeddings generated by LLMs. Previous research suggests that EaaS is prone to imitation attacks -- attacks that clone the underlying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Anudeex Shetty , Qiongkai Xu , Jey Han Lau

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capability in machine translation on high-resource language pairs, yet their performance on low-resource translation still lags behind. Existing post-training methods rely heavily on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yifeng Liu , Siqi Ouyang , Yatish Hosmane Revanasiddappa , Lei Li

Deep image watermarking, which refers to enabling imperceptible watermark embedding and reliable extraction in cover images, has been shown to be effective for copyright protection of image assets. However, existing methods face limitations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ke Liu , Xuanhan Wang , Qilong Zhang , Lianli Gao , Jingkuan Song

Digital watermarking enables protection against copyright infringement of images. Although existing methods embed watermarks imperceptibly and demonstrate robustness against attacks, they typically lack resilience against geometric…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Hannes Mareen , Lucas Antchougov , Glenn Van Wallendael , Peter Lambert

We propose an imperceptible multi-bit text watermark embedded by paraphrasing with LLMs. We fine-tune a pair of LLM paraphrasers that are designed to behave differently so that their paraphrasing difference reflected in the text semantics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Xiaojun Xu , Jinghan Jia , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu , Hang Li

Deep neural networks have recently achieved significant progress. Sharing trained models of these deep neural networks is very important in the rapid progress of researching or developing deep neural network systems. At the same time, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Yusuke Uchida , Yuki Nagai , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) have established themselves as powerful tools in the rapidly evolving field of image generation, capable of producing highly realistic images. However, their widespread adoption raises critical concerns about…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zhonghao Yang , Linye Lyu , Xuanhang Chang , Daojing He , YU LI

Digital contents have grown dramatically in recent years, leading to increased attention to copyright. Image watermarking has been considered one of the most popular methods for copyright protection. With the recent advancements in applying…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Maedeh Jamali , Nader Karim , Pejman Khadivi , Shahram Shirani , Shadrokh Samavi

Robust maritime obstacle detection is critical for safe navigation of autonomous boats and timely collision avoidance. The current state-of-the-art is based on deep segmentation networks trained on large datasets. However, per-pixel ground…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Lojze Žust , Matej Kristan