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Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can process text presented as images, yet they often perform worse than when the same content is provided as textual tokens. We systematically diagnose this "modality gap" by evaluating seven MLLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Kaiser Sun , Xiaochuang Yuan , Hongjun Liu , Chen Zhao , Cheng Zhang , Mark Dredze , Fan Bai

In this paper we investigate into the problem of image quality assessment (IQA) and enhancement via machine learning. This issue has long attracted a wide range of attention in computational intelligence and image processing communities,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Ke Gu , Dacheng Tao , Junfei Qiao , Weisi Lin

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models have enhanced document understanding by integrating textual and visual information. However, existing models exhibit incompleteness within their paradigm in real-world scenarios,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Zhentao He , Can Zhang , Ziheng Wu , Zhenghao Chen , Yufei Zhan , Yifan Li , Zhao Zhang , Xian Wang , Minghui Qiu

Understanding images and text together is an important aspect of cognition and building advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. As a community, we have achieved good benchmarks over language and vision domains separately, however…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Shailaja Keyur Sampat , Yezhou Yang , Chitta Baral

Autoregressive language models are widely used for text evaluation, however, their left-to-right factorization introduces positional bias, i.e., early tokens are scored with only leftward context, conflating architectural asymmetry with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wen Lai , Yingli Shen , Dingnan Jin , Qing Cui , Jun Zhou , Maosong Sun , Alexander Fraser

In the realm of multimodal tasks, Visual Question Answering (VQA) plays a crucial role by addressing natural language questions grounded in visual content. Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (KBVQA) advances this concept by adding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Manas Jhalani , Annervaz K M , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Ensemble methods are generally regarded to be better than a single model if the base learners are deemed to be "accurate" and "diverse." Here we investigate a semi-supervised ensemble learning strategy to produce generalizable blind image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Zhihua Wang , Dingquan Li , Kede Ma

In recent years, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress on a wide range of multimodal benchmarks. Despite these advances, most existing benchmarks mainly focus on single-image or multi-image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Bingli Wang , Huanze Tang , Haijun Lv , Zhishan Lin , Lixin Gu , Lei Feng , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen

Text-to-image (T2I) models today are capable of producing photorealistic, instruction-following images, yet they still frequently fail on prompts that require implicit world knowledge. Existing evaluation protocols either emphasize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Tianyang Han , Junhao Su , Junjie Hu , Peizhen Yang , Hengyu Shi , Junfeng Luo , Jialin Gao

Recent advances in reasoning-induced image quality assessment (IQA) have demonstrated the power of reinforcement learning to rank (RL2R) for training vision-language models (VLMs) to assess perceptual quality. However, existing approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiangyong Chen , Xiaochuan Lin , Haoran Liu , Xuan Li , Yichen Su , Xiangwei Guo

Image colorization is a well-known problem in computer vision. However, due to the ill-posed nature of the task, image colorization is inherently challenging. Though several attempts have been made by researchers to make the colorization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Subhankar Ghosh , Prasun Roy , Saumik Bhattacharya , Umapada Pal , Michael Blumenstein

Recent progress in multimodal reasoning has been significantly advanced by textual Chain-of-Thought (CoT), a paradigm where models conduct reasoning within language. This text-centric approach, however, treats vision as a static, initial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Zhaochen Su , Peng Xia , Hangyu Guo , Zhenhua Liu , Yan Ma , Xiaoye Qu , Jiaqi Liu , Yanshu Li , Kaide Zeng , Zhengyuan Yang , Linjie Li , Yu Cheng , Heng Ji , Junxian He , Yi R. Fung

Visual Question Answering (VQA) and Image Captioning (CAP), which are among the most popular vision-language tasks, have analogous scene-text versions that require reasoning from the text in the image. Despite their obvious resemblance, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Roy Ganz , Oren Nuriel , Aviad Aberdam , Yair Kittenplon , Shai Mazor , Ron Litman

We present a lightweight yet effective pipeline for training vision-language models to solve math problems by rendering LaTeX encoded equations into images and pairing them with structured chain-of-thought prompts. This simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Matvey Skripkin , Elizaveta Goncharova , Andrey Kuznetsov

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in cross-modal understanding across textual and visual inputs, yet existing benchmarks predominantly focus on pure-text queries. In real-world scenarios, language also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Qing'an Liu , Juntong Feng , Yuhao Wang , Xinzhe Han , Yujie Cheng , Yue Zhu , Haiwen Diao , Yunzhi Zhuge , Huchuan Lu

Blind video quality assessment (BVQA) is a highly challenging task due to the intrinsic complexity of video content and visual distortions, especially given the high popularity of social media videos, which originate from a wide range of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-06 Wei Sun , Linhan Cao , Jun Jia , Zhichao Zhang , Zicheng Zhang , Xiongkuo Min , Guangtao Zhai

AI systems' ability to explain their reasoning is critical to their utility and trustworthiness. Deep neural networks have enabled significant progress on many challenging problems such as visual question answering (VQA). However, most of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Jialin Wu , Raymond J. Mooney

This paper proposes a question-answering (QA) benchmark for spatial reasoning on natural language text which contains more realistic spatial phenomena not covered by prior work and is challenging for state-of-the-art language models (LM).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Roshanak Mirzaee , Hossein Rajaby Faghihi , Qiang Ning , Parisa Kordjmashidi

Image-text retrieval, as a fundamental and important branch of information retrieval, has attracted extensive research attentions. The main challenge of this task is cross-modal semantic understanding and matching. Some recent works focus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Weijing Chen , Linli Yao , Qin Jin

The task of identifying multimodal image-text representations has garnered increasing attention, particularly with models such as CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining), which demonstrate exceptional performance in learning complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Zhiyu Zhu , Zhibo Jin , Jiayu Zhang , Nan Yang , Jiahao Huang , Jianlong Zhou , Fang Chen