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Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger

The smart grid represents a pivotal innovation in modernizing the electricity sector, offering an intelligent, digitalized energy network capable of optimizing energy delivery from source to consumer. It hence represents the backbone of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Emad Efatinasab , Alessandro Brighente , Mirco Rampazzo , Nahal Azadi , Mauro Conti

In contrast to grid-following inverters, Virtual Synchronous Generators (VSGs) perform well under weak grid conditions but may become unstable when the grid is strong. Grid strength depends on grid impedance, which unfortunately varies over…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Quang-Manh Hoang , Van Nam Nguyen , Taehyung Kim , Guilherme Vieira Hollweg , Wencong Su , Van-Hai Bui

In order to deal with issues caused by the increasing penetration of renewable resources in power systems, this paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control algorithm for each generating unit and controllable load in a transmission…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-19 Luwei Yang , Tao Liu , Zhiyuan Tang , David J. Hill

Complex network analyses have provided clues to improve power-grid stability with the help of numerical models. The high computational cost of numerical simulations, however, has inhibited the approach, especially when it deals with the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-01-12 Seong-Gyu Yang , Beom Jun Kim , Seung-Woo Son , Heetae Kim

Integration of large-scale renewable energy sources and increasing uncertainty has drastically changed the dynamics of power system and has consequently brought various challenges. Rapid transient stability assessment of modern power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-15 Umair Shahzad

The increasing use of power electronics converters to integrate renewable energy sources has been subject of concern due to the resonance oscillatory phenomena caused by their interaction with poorly damped AC networks. Early studies are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-02 Luis Orellana , Luis Sainz , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Emerging connect-and-manage interconnection practices allow gigawatt-scale artificial intelligence data centers (AIDCs) to connect to the transmission network without prior network upgrades, at the cost of real-time curtailment during grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Xin Lu , Qianwen Xu

This paper investigates the implementation and application of the multi-variable grid-forming hybrid angle control (HAC) for high-power converters in transmission grids. We explore the system-level performance and robustness of the HAC…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Ali Tayyebi , Alan Magdaleno , Denis Vettoretti , Meng Chen , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

Grid-forming inverters control the power transfer between the AC and DC sides of an electrical grid while maintaining the frequency and voltage of the AC side. This paper focuses on ensuring large-signal stability of an electrical grid with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-18 Jared Miller , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Xiuqiang He , Roy S. Smith , Gabriela Hug

We consider the policy gradient adaptive control (PGAC) framework, which adaptively updates a control policy in real time, by performing data-based gradient descent steps on the linear quadratic regulator cost. This method has empirically…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-07 Felix Laurent , Feiran Zhao , Jaap Eising , Florian Dörfler

The traditional secondary frequency control of power systems restores nominal frequency by steering Area Control Errors (ACEs) to zero. Existing methods are a form of integral control with the characteristic that large control gain…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-17 Kaihua Xi , Johan L. A. Dubbeldam , Hai Xiang Lin , Jan H. van Schuppen

This paper introduces a novel method of designing wide area control (WAC) based on a discrete linear quadratic regulator and Kalman filtering based state-estimation that can be applied for real-time damping of interarea oscillations of wind…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-17 Abilash Thakallapelli , S J Hossain , Sukumar Kamalasadan

The energy transition is causing many stability-related challenges for power systems. Transient stability refers to the ability of a power grid's bus angles to retain synchronism after the occurrence of a major fault. In this paper a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-12 Tim Aschenbruck , Willem Esterhuizen , Stefan Streif

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

High energy consumption of artificial intelligence has gained momentum worldwide, which necessitates major investments on expanding efficient and carbon-neutral generation and data center infrastructure in electric power grids. Going beyond…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-16 Yubo Song , Subham Sahoo

This paper proposes an optimal, grid-aware control framework for the islanding, island-operation and resynchronisation of hybrid AC/DC microgrids. The optimal control framework is based on a formally derived linearized load-flow model for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-07 Willem Lambrichts , Jules Mace , Drazen Dujic , Mario Paolone

Optimal power flow (OPF) is a very fundamental but vital optimization problem in the power system, which aims at solving a specific objective function (ex.: generator costs) while maintaining the system in the stable and safe operations. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-09 Yuhao Zhou , Bei Zhang , Chunlei Xu , Tu Lan , Ruisheng Diao , Di Shi , Zhiwei Wang , Wei-Jen Lee

The increasing penetration of inertialess new renewable energy sources reduces the overall mechanical inertia available in power grids and accordingly raises a number of issues of grid stability over short to medium time scales. It has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-16 Laurent Pagnier , Philippe Jacquod

Artificial intelligence systems are increasingly embedded in high-stakes decision environments, yet many governance approaches focus primarily on policy guidance rather than operational stability mechanisms. As AI deployments scale,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Horatio Morgan