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Scenario-based testing has emerged as a common method for autonomous vehicles (AVs) safety assessment, offering a more efficient alternative to mile-based testing by focusing on high-risk scenarios. However, fundamental questions persist…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xingyu Zhao , Robab Aghazadeh-Chakherlou , Chih-Hong Cheng , Peter Popov , Lorenzo Strigini

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown considerable potential in autonomous driving (AD), yet its vulnerability to perturbations remains a critical barrier to real-world deployment. As a primary countermeasure, adversarial training improves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Qi Wei , Junchao Fan , Zhao Yang , Jianhua Wang , Jingkai Mao , Xiaolin Chang

Autonomous vehicle (AV) algorithms need to be tested extensively in order to make sure the vehicle and the passengers will be safe while using it after the implementation. Testing these algorithms in real world create another important…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Sukru Yaren Gelbal , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

Autonomous driving is a research direction that has gained enormous traction in the last few years thanks to advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Depending on the level of independence from the human driver, several studies show…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Francesco Marchiori , Alessandro Brighente , Mauro Conti

Existing evaluation paradigms for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) face critical limitations. Real-world evaluation is often challenging due to safety concerns and a lack of reproducibility, whereas closed-loop simulation can face insufficient…

The technological and scientific challenges involved in the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are currently of primary interest for many automobile companies and research labs. However, human-controlled vehicles are likely to remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-22 Ran Emuna , Avinoam Borowsky , Armin Biess

Interactions between pedestrians, bikers, and human-driven vehicles have been a major concern in traffic safety over the years. The upcoming age of autonomous vehicles will further raise major problems on whether self-driving cars can…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Umberto Michieli , Leonardo Badia

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) must share space with pedestrians, both in carriageway cases such as cars at pedestrian crossings and off-carriageway cases such as delivery vehicles navigating through crowds on pedestrianized high-streets. Unlike…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Fanta Camara , Nicola Bellotto , Serhan Cosar , Dimitris Nathanael , Matthias Althoff , Jingyuan Wu , Johannes Ruenz , André Dietrich , Charles W. Fox

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are inevitably entering our lives with potential benefits for improved traffic safety, mobility, and accessibility. However, AVs' benefits also introduce a serious potential challenge, in the form of complex…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Xuan Di , Xu Chen , Eric Talley

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) face significant threats to their safe operation in complex traffic environments. Adversarial training has emerged as an effective method of enabling AVs to preemptively fortify their robustness against malicious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Xuan Cai , Zhiyong Cui , Xuesong Bai , Ruimin Ke , Zhenshu Ma , Haiyang Yu , Yilong Ren

Recently we have witnessed progress in hiding road vehicles against object detectors through adversarial camouflage in the digital world. The extension of this technique to the physical world is crucial for testing the robustness of…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yuqiu Liu , Huanqian Yan , Xiaopei Zhu , Xiaolin Hu , Liang Tang , Hang Su , Chen Lv

The development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) has made significant progress in the last years. An important aspect in the development of AVs is the assessment of their safety. New approaches need to be worked out. Among these, real-world…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Erwin de Gelder , Olaf Op den Camp

Autonomous vehicles (AV) are becoming a part of humans' everyday life. There are numerous pilot projects of driverless public buses; some car manufacturers deliver their premium-level automobiles with advanced self-driving features. Thus,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Mariia Bakhtina , Raimundas Matulevičius

We introduce CARLA, an open-source simulator for autonomous driving research. CARLA has been developed from the ground up to support development, training, and validation of autonomous urban driving systems. In addition to open-source code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Alexey Dosovitskiy , German Ros , Felipe Codevilla , Antonio Lopez , Vladlen Koltun

Autonomous vehicles need to travel over 11 billion miles to ensure their safety. Therefore, the importance of simulation testing before real-world testing is self-evident. In recent years, the release of 3D simulators for autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kai Li

Discovering hazardous scenarios is crucial in testing and further improving driving policies. However, conducting efficient driving policy testing faces two key challenges. On the one hand, the probability of naturally encountering…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Weilin Liu , Ye Mu , Chao Yu , Xuefei Ning , Zhong Cao , Yi Wu , Shuang Liang , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

With an ever-increasing reliance on machine learning (ML) models in the real world, adversarial examples threaten the safety of AI-based systems such as autonomous vehicles. In the image domain, they represent maliciously perturbed data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Dren Fazlija , Arkadij Orlov , Johanna Schrader , Monty-Maximilian Zühlke , Michael Rohs , Daniel Kudenko

Testing Automated Driving Systems (ADS) in simulation with realistic driving scenarios is important for verifying their performance. However, converting real-world driving videos into simulation scenarios is a significant challenge due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yan Miao , Georgios Fainekos , Bardh Hoxha , Hideki Okamoto , Danil Prokhorov , Sayan Mitra

Adaptive Cruise Control ACC can change the speed of the ego vehicle to maintain a safe distance from the following vehicle automatically. The primary purpose of this research is to use cutting-edge computing approaches to locate and track…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Roza Al-Hindaw , Taqwa I. Alhadidi , Mohammad Adas

Considering personalized driving preferences, a new decision-making framework is developed using a differential game approach to resolve the driving conflicts of autonomous vehicles (AVs) at unsignalized intersections. To realize human-like…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-10 Peng Hang , Chao Huang , Zhongxu Hu , Chen Lv