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Preference-based reinforcement learning (RL) provides a framework to train AI agents using human feedback through preferences over pairs of behaviors, enabling agents to learn desired behaviors when it is difficult to specify a numerical…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-21 David Chhan , Ellen Novoseller , Vernon J. Lawhern

The challenge of learning with noisy labels is significant in machine learning, as it can severely degrade the performance of prediction models if not addressed properly. This paper introduces a novel framework that conceptualizes noisy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Marzi Heidari , Hanping Zhang , Yuhong Guo

Mitigating the negative impact of noisy labels has been aperennial issue in supervised learning. Robust loss functions have emerged as a prevalent solution to this problem. In this work, we introduce the Variation Ratio as a novel property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jialiang Wang , Xiong Zhou , Xianming Liu , Gangfeng Hu , Deming Zhai , Junjun Jiang , Haoliang Li

The "Curse of dimensionality" is prevalent across various data patterns, which increases the risk of model overfitting and leads to a decline in model classification performance. However, few studies have focused on this issue in Partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Wanfu Gao , Hanlin Pan , Qingqi Han , Kunpeng Liu

Preference alignment is pivotal for empowering large language models (LLMs) to generate helpful and harmless responses. However, the performance of preference alignment is highly sensitive to the prevalent noise in the preference data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Xize Liang , Chao Chen , Shuang Qiu , Jie Wang , Yue Wu , Zhihang Fu , Zhihao Shi , Feng Wu , Jieping Ye

Model-based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) allows data-efficient learning which is required in real world applications such as robotics. However, despite the impressive data-efficiency, MBRL does not achieve the final performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-19 Zhang-Wei Hong , Joni Pajarinen , Jan Peters

This study addresses the challenge of noise in training datasets for Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), a method for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. We categorize noise into pointwise noise, which includes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Junkang Wu , Yuexiang Xie , Zhengyi Yang , Jiancan Wu , Jiawei Chen , Jinyang Gao , Bolin Ding , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

We study pre-training representations for decision-making using video data, which is abundantly available for tasks such as game agents and software testing. Even though significant empirical advances have been made on this problem, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Dipendra Misra , Akanksha Saran , Tengyang Xie , Alex Lamb , John Langford

In standard reinforcement learning (RL), a learning agent seeks to optimize the overall reward. However, many key aspects of a desired behavior are more naturally expressed as constraints. For instance, the designer may want to limit the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Sobhan Miryoosefi , Kianté Brantley , Hal Daumé , Miroslav Dudik , Robert Schapire

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved impressive results on various natural language processing tasks. However, recent research has revealed that these models often rely on superficial features and shortcuts instead of developing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Zihao Li , Ruixiang Tang , Lu Cheng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Mengnan Du

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become a crucial technology for aligning language models with human values and intentions, enabling models to produce more helpful and harmless responses. Reward models are trained as…

We apply reinforcement learning (RL) to robotics tasks. One of the drawbacks of traditional RL algorithms has been their poor sample efficiency. One approach to improve the sample efficiency is model-based RL. In our model-based RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Adithya Ramesh , Balaraman Ravindran

Deep learning with noisy labels presents significant challenges. In this work, we theoretically characterize the role of label noise from a feature learning perspective. Specifically, we consider a signal-noise data distribution, where each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-27 Andi Han , Wei Huang , Zhanpeng Zhou , Gang Niu , Wuyang Chen , Junchi Yan , Akiko Takeda , Taiji Suzuki

This paper develops a novel rating-based reinforcement learning approach that uses human ratings to obtain human guidance in reinforcement learning. Different from the existing preference-based and ranking-based reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Devin White , Mingkang Wu , Ellen Novoseller , Vernon J. Lawhern , Nicholas Waytowich , Yongcan Cao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable reward (RLVR) on preference data has become the mainstream approach for training Generative Reward Models (GRMs). Typically in pairwise rewarding tasks, GRMs generate reasoning chains ending with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zongqi Wang , Rui Wang , Yuchuan Wu , Yiyao Yu , Pinyi Zhang , Shaoning Sun , Yujiu Yang , Yongbin Li

Reward models (RMs) play a pivotal role in aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values. However, noisy preferences in human feedback can lead to reward misgeneralization - a phenomenon where reward models learn spurious…

We develop a framework for interacting with uncertain environments in reinforcement learning (RL) by leveraging preferences in the form of utility functions. We claim that there is value in considering different risk measures during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Hannes Eriksson , Christos Dimitrakakis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in generating human-like responses, largely due to preference alignment techniques. However, these methods often assume unbiased human feedback, which is rarely the case in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Amirabbas Afzali , Amirhossein Afsharrad , Seyed Shahabeddin Mousavi , Sanjay Lall

The use of Potential-Based Reward Shaping (PBRS) has shown great promise in the ongoing research effort to tackle sample inefficiency in Reinforcement Learning (RL). However, choosing the right potential function remains an open challenge.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Giuseppe Canonaco , Leo Ardon , Alberto Pozanco , Daniel Borrajo

Enhancing noisy speech is an important task to restore its quality and to improve its intelligibility. In traditional non-machine-learning (ML) based approaches the parameters required for noise reduction are estimated blindly from the…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Robert Rehr , Timo Gerkmann