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Deep learning has transformed protein design, enabling accurate structure prediction, sequence optimization, and de novo protein generation. Advances in single-chain protein structure prediction via AlphaFold2, RoseTTAFold, ESMFold, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Gregory W. Kyro , Tianyin Qiu , Victor S. Batista

We review the recent progress in computational approaches to protein design which builds on advances in statistical-mechanical protein folding theory. In particular, we evaluate the degeneracy of the protein code (i.e. how many sequences…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 E. I. Shakhnovich

Recently, there has been a growing interest in applying machine learning methods to problems in engineering mechanics. In particular, there has been significant interest in applying deep learning techniques to predicting the mechanical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Saeed Mohammadzadeh , Peerasait Prachaseree , Emma Lejeune

In this study, the distributions of protein structure classes (or folding types) of experimentally determined structures from a legacy dataset and a comprehensive database (SCOP) are modeled precisely with geometric constructs such as…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-21 Boryeu Mao

Models such as AlphaFold2 and OpenFold have transformed protein structure prediction, yet their inner workings remain poorly understood. We present a methodology to systematically evaluate the contribution of individual OpenFold components…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-20 Tyler L. Hayes , Giri P. Krishnan

A central goal of protein-folding theory is to predict the stochastic dynamics of transition paths --- the rare trajectories that transit between the folded and unfolded ensembles --- using only thermodynamic information, such as a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-09 William M. Jacobs , Eugene I. Shakhnovich

Predicting changes in binding free energy ($\Delta\Delta G$) is a vital task in protein engineering and protein-protein interaction (PPI) engineering for drug discovery. Previous works have observed a high correlation between $\Delta\Delta…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Patrick Soga , Zhenyu Lei , Yinhan He , Camille Bilodeau , Jundong Li

Structural prediction of protein-protein interactions is important to understand the molecular basis of cellular interactions, but it still faces major challenges when significant conformational changes are present. We propose a generative…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Rujie Yin , Yang Shen

Proteins perform a large variety of functions in living organisms, thus playing a key role in biology. As of now, available learning algorithms to process protein data do not consider several particularities of such data and/or do not scale…

Protein design has the potential to revolutionize biotechnology and medicine. While most efforts have focused on proteins with well-defined structures, increased recognition of the functional significance of intrinsically disordered…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-17 Giulio Tesei , Francesco Pesce , Kresten Lindorff-Larsen

The evolutionary trajectory of a protein through sequence space is constrained by function and three-dimensional (3D) structure. Residues in spatial proximity tend to co-evolve, yet attempts to invert the evolutionary record to identify…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2015-03-13 Debora S. Marks , Lucy J. Colwell , Robert Sheridan , Thomas A. Hopf , Andrea Pagnani , Riccardo Zecchina , Chris Sander

Virtual screening can accelerate drug discovery by identifying promising candidates for experimental evaluation. Machine learning is a powerful method for screening, as it can learn complex structure-property relationships from experimental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Simon Axelrod , Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli

As protein informatics advances rapidly, the demand for enhanced predictive accuracy, structural analysis, and functional understanding has intensified. Transformer models, as powerful deep learning architectures, have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiaowen Ling , Zhiqiang Li , Yanbin Wang , Zhuhong You

Climate models play a critical role in understanding and projecting climate change. Due to their complexity, their horizontal resolution of about 40-100 km remains too coarse to resolve processes such as clouds and convection, which need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Birgit Kühbacher , Fernando Iglesias-Suarez , Niki Kilbertus , Veronika Eyring

Despite many advances in computational modeling of protein structures, these methods have not been widely utilized by experimental structural biologists. Two major obstacles are preventing the transition from a purely-experimental to a…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-04 Rishi Mukhopadhyay , Paul Shealy , Homayoun Valafar

Novel sampling algorithms can significantly impact open questions in computational biology, most notably the in silico protein folding problem. By using computational methods, protein folding aims to find the three-dimensional structure of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Peter Minary , Michael Levitt

Directed evolution plays an indispensable role in protein engineering that revises existing protein sequences to attain new or enhanced functions. Accurately predicting the effects of protein variants necessitates an in-depth understanding…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-06-09 Yang Tan , Bingxin Zhou , Yuanhong Jiang , Yu Guang Wang , Liang Hong

Proteins are essential macromolecules defined by their amino acid sequences, which determine their three-dimensional structures and, consequently, their functions in all living organisms. Therefore, generative protein modeling necessitates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Xinyou Wang , Zaixiang Zheng , Fei Ye , Dongyu Xue , Shujian Huang , Quanquan Gu

Deep generative models that learn from the distribution of natural protein sequences and structures may enable the design of new proteins with valuable functions. While the majority of today's models focus on generating either sequences or…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-03 Chentong Wang , Sarah Alamdari , Carles Domingo-Enrich , Ava Amini , Kevin K. Yang

The classical approach to protein folding inspired by statistical mechanics avoids the high dimensional structure of the conformation space by using effective coordinates. Here we introduce a network approach to capture the statistical…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Erzsebet Ravasz , S. Gnanakaran , Zoltan Toroczkai
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