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Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong reasoning abilities, often amplified by Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting and reinforcement learning (RL). Although RL algorithms can substantially improve reasoning, they struggle to expand reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Xiangchi Yuan , Xiang Chen , Tong Yu , Dachuan Shi , Can Jin , Wenke Lee , Saayan Mitra

Grounded claim factuality checking is important for large language model (LLM) applications such as retrieval-augmented generation, as it helps users assess the correctness of generated outputs. Existing metrics using entailment classifiers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) provides the standard approach for teaching LLMs new behaviors from offline expert demonstrations. However, standard SFT uniformly fits all samples -- including those with low likelihood under the base model --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Mahdi Sabbaghi , George Pappas , Adel Javanmard , Hamed Hassani

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful framework for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, most existing RL approaches rely on sparse outcome rewards, which fail to credit correct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Haolin Liu , Dian Yu , Sidi Lu , Yujun Zhou , Rui Liu , Zhenwen Liang , Haitao Mi , Chen-Yu Wei , Dong Yu

The advent of the "pre-train, prompt" paradigm has recently extended its generalization ability and data efficiency to graph representation learning, following its achievements in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Initial graph prompt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Jiapeng Zhu , Zichen Ding , Jianxiang Yu , Jiaqi Tan , Xiang Li , Weining Qian

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks but often generate harmful responses to malicious user queries. This paper investigates the underlying cause of these safety risks and shows that the issue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yeonjun In , Wonjoong Kim , Sangwu Park , Chanyoung Park

Aligned LLMs are secure, capable of recognizing and refusing to answer malicious questions. However, the role of internal parameters in maintaining such security is not well understood yet, further these models can be vulnerable to security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shen Li , Liuyi Yao , Lan Zhang , Yaliang Li

The transition from fitting empirical data to achieving true human utility is fundamentally constrained by a granularity mismatch, where fine-grained autoregressive generation is often supervised by coarse or uniform signals. This position…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhanming Shen , Zeyu Qin , Jiaqi Hu , Wentao Ye , Hao Chen , Xiaomeng Hu , Haokai Xu , Gang Chen , Yi R. Fung , Haobo Wang

Generative foundation models are susceptible to implicit biases that can arise from extensive unsupervised training data. Such biases can produce suboptimal samples, skewed outcomes, and unfairness, with potentially serious consequences.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Hanze Dong , Wei Xiong , Deepanshu Goyal , Yihan Zhang , Winnie Chow , Rui Pan , Shizhe Diao , Jipeng Zhang , Kashun Shum , Tong Zhang

Fine-tuning pretrained language models can improve task performance while subtly altering the evidence a model relies on. We propose a training-time interpretability view that tracks token-level attributions across finetuning epochs. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

We present symbol tuning - finetuning language models on in-context input-label pairs where natural language labels (e.g., "positive/negative sentiment") are replaced with arbitrary symbols (e.g., "foo/bar"). Symbol tuning leverages the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Jerry Wei , Le Hou , Andrew Lampinen , Xiangning Chen , Da Huang , Yi Tay , Xinyun Chen , Yifeng Lu , Denny Zhou , Tengyu Ma , Quoc V. Le

Semantic parsing is a key NLP task that maps natural language to structured meaning representations. As in many other NLP tasks, SOTA performance in semantic parsing is now attained by fine-tuning a large pretrained language model (PLM).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Weiqi Sun , Haidar Khan , Nicolas Guenon des Mesnards , Melanie Rubino , Konstantine Arkoudas

Reasoning has become a central paradigm for large language models (LLMs), consistently boosting accuracy across diverse benchmarks. Yet its suitability for precision-sensitive tasks remains unclear. We present the first systematic study of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Atoosa Chegini , Hamid Kazemi , Garrett Souza , Maria Safi , Yang Song , Samy Bengio , Sinead Williamson , Mehrdad Farajtabar

Post-training has demonstrated its importance in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). The primary post-training methods can be categorized into supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mingyang Liu , Gabriele Farina , Asuman Ozdaglar

The prevailing paradigm for enhancing the reasoning abilities of LLMs revolves around post-training on high-quality, reasoning-intensive data. While emerging literature suggests that reasoning data is increasingly incorporated also during…

Our research demonstrates the significant benefits of using fine-tuning with explanations to enhance the performance of language models. Unlike prompting, which maintains the model's parameters, fine-tuning allows the model to learn and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mohamad Ballout , Ulf Krumnack , Gunther Heidemann , Kai-Uwe Kuehnberger

Large reasoning models achieve high accuracy through extended chain-of-thought but generate 5--8 more tokens than necessary, applying verbose reasoning uniformly regardless of problem difficulty. We propose Hint Tuning, a data-efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siqi Fan , Minghao Li , Xiaoqian Ma , Xiusheng Huang , Zhuo Chen , Bowen Qin , Liujie Zhang , Shuo Shang , Weihang Chen

In this paper, we introduce Rank-R1, a novel LLM-based reranker that performs reasoning over both the user query and candidate documents before performing the ranking task. Existing document reranking methods based on large language models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bevan Koopman , Jimmy Lin , Guido Zuccon

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is widely used for task-specific adaptation, yet recent work shows it systematically undermines reasoning generalization. We argue the root cause is not memorization itself, but its target: vanilla SFT drives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruiying Peng , Mengyu Yang , Jing Lei , Xiaohui Li , Xueyu Wu , Xinlei Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in reasoning, alignment, and task-specific performance. However, ensuring harmlessness in these systems remains a critical challenge, particularly in advanced models like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Manojkumar Parmar , Yuvaraj Govindarajulu
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