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Path calculus, or graphical linear algebra, is a string diagram calculus for the category of matrices over a base ring. It is the usual string diagram calculus for a symmetric monoidal category, where the monoidal product is the direct sum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-07 Simon Burton

Calculi of string diagrams are increasingly used to present the syntax and algebraic structure of various families of circuits, including signal flow graphs, electrical circuits and quantum processes. In many such approaches, the semantic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Brendan Fong , Fabio Zanasi

This work is about diagrammatic languages, how they can be represented, and what they in turn can be used to represent. More specifically, it focuses on representations and applications of string diagrams. String diagrams are used to…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-23 Aleks Kissinger

Turi and Plotkin's bialgebraic semantics is an abstract approach to specifying the operational semantics of a system, by means of a distributive law between its syntax (encoded as a monad) and its dynamics (an endofunctor). This setup is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Filippo Bonchi , Robin Piedeleu , Pawel Sobocinski , Fabio Zanasi

We develop a graphical calculus of manifold diagrams which generalises string and surface diagrams to arbitrary dimensions. Manifold diagrams are pasting diagrams for $(\infty, n)$-categories that admit a semi-strict composition operation…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2024-11-08 Lukas Heidemann

We enhance the calculus of string diagrams for monoidal categories with hierarchical features in order to capture closed monoidal (and cartesian closed) structure. Using this new syntax we formulate an automatic differentiation algorithm…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Mario Alvarez-Picallo , Dan R. Ghica , David Sprunger , Fabio Zanasi

Whereas string diagrams for strict monoidal categories are well understood, and have found application in several fields of Computer Science, graphical formalisms for non-strict monoidal categories are far less studied. In this paper, we…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-06 Paul Wilson , Dan Ghica , Fabio Zanasi

We show that the map obtained by viewing a geometric (ie. representative) braid as a string link induces an isomorphism of the n-strand braid group onto the group of units of the n-strand string link monoid.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2013-04-18 David A. Krebes

Bicategories of spans are characterized as cartesian bicategories in which every comonad has an Eilenberg-Moore ob ject and every left adjoint arrow is comonadic.

Category Theory · Mathematics 2010-09-10 Stephen Lack , R. F. C. Walters , R. J. Wood

In graph learning, maps between graphs and their subgraphs frequently arise. For instance, when coarsening or rewiring operations are present along the pipeline, one needs to keep track of the corresponding nodes between the original and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Marco Pegoraro , Riccardo Marin , Arianna Rampini , Simone Melzi , Luca Cosmo , Emanuele Rodolà

In probabilistic modelling, joint distributions are often of more interest than their marginals, but the standard composition of stochastic channels is defined by marginalization. Last year at ACT, the notion of 'copy-composition' was…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Toby St Clere Smithe

In category theory, the use of string diagrams is well known to aid in the intuitive understanding of certain concepts, particularly when dealing with adjunctions and monoidal categories. We show that string diagrams are also useful in…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-19 Kenji Nakahira

We introduce the notion of the space of parallel strings with partially summable labels, which can be viewed as a geometrically constructed group completion of the space of particles with labels. We utilize this to construct a machinery…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2009-03-27 Shingo Okuyama , Kazuhisa Shimakawa

String diagrams are a graphical language used to represent processes that can be composed sequentially or in parallel, which correspond graphically to horizontal or vertical juxtaposition. In this paper we demonstrate how to compute the…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-04 Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Jules Hedges

Classical diagram categories and monoids, including the Temperley--Lieb, Brauer, and partition cases, arise as special instances of the category of two dimensional cobordisms and admit additional twists that produce a large new family of…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-22 Matthias Fresacher , Willow Stewart , Daniel Tubbenhauer

We present a Rocq library for monoidal categories, which includes a decision procedure for proving equality of morphisms as well as notations that make it possible to reason as if they were strict, inferring MacLane isomorphims…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Damien Pous

We define a monad $T_n^{\operatorname{D^s}}$ whose operations are encoded by simple string diagrams and we define $n$-sesquicategories as algebras over this monad. This monad encodes the compositional structure of $n$-dimensional string…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-17 Manuel Araújo

Construction of non-isomorphic cospectral graphs is a nontrivial problem in spectral graph theory specially for large graphs. In this paper, we establish that graph theoretical partial transpose of a graph is a potential tool to create…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-13 Supriyo Dutta , Bibhas Adhikari

This article offers an intuitive introduction to monoidal categories through the lens of painting, presenting abstract mathematical concepts with visual and tactile analogies. Aimed at curious undergraduates and non-specialists, it seeks to…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Khyathi Komalan

An $n$-sesquicategory is an $n$-globular set with strictly associative and unital composition and whiskering operations, which are however not required to satisfy the Godement interchange laws which hold in $n$-categories. In…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Manuel Araújo