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With the advent of interconnected quantum computers, i.e., distributed quantum computing (DQC), multiple quantum computers can now collaborate via quantum networks to perform massively complex computational tasks. However, DQC faces…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Napat Ngoenriang , Minrui Xu , Sucha Supittayapornpong , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu , Xuemin , Shen

Quantum computers face inherent scaling challenges, a fact that necessitates investigation of distributed quantum computing systems, whereby scaling is achieved through interconnection of smaller quantum processing units. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Felix Burt , Kuan-Cheng Chen , Kin K. Leung

Delegated quantum computing (DQC) allows clients with low quantum capabilities to outsource computations to a server hosting a quantum computer. This process is often envisioned within the measurement-based quantum computing framework, as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Fabian Wiesner , Jens Eisert , Anna Pappa

Distributed quantum computing is motivated by the difficulty in building large-scale, individual quantum computers. To solve that problem, a large quantum circuit is partitioned and distributed to small quantum computers for execution.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-09 Marc Grau Davis , Joaquin Chung , Dirk Englund , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

As quantum computing (QC) technologies mature, their integration into established high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures is becoming a central objective for next-generation computing systems. However, unlocking the potential of…

Distributed quantum computing (DQC) is crucial for high-volume quantum processing in the NISQ era. Many different technologies are utilized to implement a quantum computer, each with a different advantages and disadvantages. Various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Juan C. Boschero , Niels M. P. Neumann , Ward van der Schoot , Frank Phillipson

The Quantum Internet is key for distributed quantum computing, by interconnecting multiple quantum processors into a virtual quantum computation system. This allows to scale the number of qubits, by overcoming the inherent limitations of…

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scaling quantum computers beyond the limits of monolithic designs. However, non-local communications between different quantum processors might significantly impact overall system…

Quantum computing (QC) offers a new computing paradigm that has the potential to provide significant speedups over classical computing. Each additional qubit doubles the size of the computational state space available to a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 Wei Tang , Margaret Martonosi

In this paper, we propose the Quantum Data Center (QDC), an architecture combining Quantum Random Access Memory (QRAM) and quantum networks. We give a precise definition of QDC, and discuss its possible realizations and extensions. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-25 Junyu Liu , Connor T. Hann , Liang Jiang

The key objective of the Quantum Internet is the distribution and manipulation of entanglement to enable unprecedented applications. This requires a radical departure from classical Internet design principles, such as the end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Design space exploration (DSE) plays an important role in optimising quantum circuit execution by systematically evaluating different configurations of compilation strategies and hardware settings. In this work, we study the impact of…

We propose a distributed quantum computing (DQC) architecture in which individual small-sized quantum computers are connected to a shared quantum gate processing unit (S-QGPU). The S-QGPU comprises a collection of hybrid two-qubit gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-24 Shengwang Du , Yufei Ding , Chunming Qiao

High-performance computing (HPC) has evolved over decades through multiple architectural transitions, from vector supercomputers to massively parallel CPU clusters and GPU-accelerated systems, continuously expanding the frontier of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Suman Raj , Siva Sai , Yogesh Simmhan , Kyle Chard , Rajkumar Buyya

The development of fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQCs) is receiving increasing attention within the quantum computing community. Like conventional digital computers, FTQCs, which utilize error correction and millions of physical…

Cloud-accessible quantum processors enable direct execution of quantum algorithms on heterogeneous hardware platforms. Unlike classical systems, however, identical quantum circuits may exhibit substantially different behavior across devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-12 Askar Oralkhan , Temirlan Zhaxalykov

This paper aims to address the challenge of designing secure and high performance Quantum Key Distribution Networks (QKDN), which are essential for encrypted communication in the era of quantum computing. Focusing on the control and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Peter Horoschenkoff , Jasper Rödiger , Martin Wilske

Present-day quantum systems face critical bottlenecks, including limited qubit counts, brief coherence intervals, and high susceptibility to errors-all of which obstruct the execution of large and complex circuits. The advancement of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Waylon Luo , Jiapeng Zhao , Tong Zhan , Qiang Guan

The use of quantum processing units (QPUs) promises speed-ups for solving computational problems, but the quantum devices currently available possess only a very limited number of qubits and suffer from considerable imperfections. One…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Karen Wintersperger , Hila Safi , Wolfgang Mauerer

Multi-core quantum architectures offer a solution to the scalability limitations of traditional monolithic designs. However, dividing the system into multiple chips introduces a critical bottleneck: communication between cores. This paper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-28 Maurizio Palesi , Enrico Russo , Davide Patti , Giuseppe Ascia , Vincenzo Catania