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Understanding cognitive flexibility and task-switching mechanisms in neural systems requires biologically plausible computational models. This tutorial presents a step-by-step approach to constructing a spiking neural network (SNN) that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-07 Ashwin Viswanathan Kannan , Madhumitha Ganesan

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is considered more biologically realistic and power-efficient as it imitates the fundamental mechanism of the human brain. Recently, backpropagation (BP) based SNN learning algorithms that utilize deep learning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Chengting Yu , Yangkai Du , Mufeng Chen , Aili Wang , Gaoang Wang , Erping Li

Multi-timestep simulation of brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) boost memory requirements during training and increase inference energy cost. Current training methods cannot simultaneously solve both training and inference…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 JiaKui Hu , Man Yao , Xuerui Qiu , Yuhong Chou , Yuxuan Cai , Ning Qiao , Yonghong Tian , Bo XU , Guoqi Li

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are bio-plausible computing models with high energy efficiency. The temporal dynamics of neurons and synapses enable them to detect temporal patterns and generate sequences. While Backpropagation Through Time…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Zhenhang Zhang , Jingang Jin , Haowen Fang , Qinru Qiu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are emerging as a promising alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) due to their inherent energy efficiency. Owing to the inherent sparsity in spike generation within SNNs, the in-depth analysis and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Kairong Yu , Tianqing Zhang , Hongwei Wang , Qi Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), particularly Spiking Transformers, offer energy-efficient processing of event-based sensor data for healthcare applications. Yet current architectures are rigid: they are trained and deployed as static…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Alberto Ancilotto , Gianluca Amprimo , Stefano Di Carlo , Elisabetta Farella

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have closer dynamics to the brain than current deep neural networks. Their low power consumption and sample efficiency make these networks interesting. Recently, several deep convolutional spiking neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Shahriar Rezghi Shirsavar , Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are considered naturally suited for temporal processing, with membrane potential propagation widely regarded as the core temporal modeling mechanism. However, existing research lack analysis of its actual…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Yiting Dong , Zhaofei Yu , Jianhao Ding , Zijie Xu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) possess energy-efficient potential due to event-based computation. However, supervised training of SNNs remains a challenge as spike activities are non-differentiable. Previous SNNs training methods can be…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Yunzhe Hao , Xuhui Huang , Meng Dong , Bo Xu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have the potential for rich spatio-temporal signal processing thanks to exploiting both spatial and temporal parameters. The temporal dynamics such as time constants of the synapses and neurons and delays have…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Filippo Moro , Pau Vilimelis Aceituno , Laura Kriener , Melika Payvand

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically plausible models that have been identified as potentially apt for deploying energy-efficient intelligence at the edge, particularly for sequential learning tasks. However, training of SNNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Marco Paul E. Apolinario , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired energy-efficient models that use sparse binary spike-based communication between neurons, making them attractive for resource-constrained edge devices. Federated learning enables such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sanja Karilanova , Subhrakanti Dey , Ayça Özçelikkale

Dynamic graph representation learning requires capturing both structural relations and temporal evolution, yet existing approaches face a core trade-off: attention-based methods offer expressiveness at $O(T^2)$ complexity, while recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Md Abrar Jahin , Taufikur Rahman Fuad , Jay Pujara , Craig Knoblock

Short-term plasticity (STP) is a mechanism that stores decaying memories in synapses of the cerebral cortex. In computing practice, STP has been used, but mostly in the niche of spiking neurons, even though theory predicts that it is the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Hector Garcia Rodriguez , Qinghai Guo , Timoleon Moraitis

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) provide a promising framework for energy-efficient and biologically grounded computation; however, scalable learning in deep recurrent architectures with sparse connectivity remains a major challenge. In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Bo Tang , Weiwei Xie

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are dynamical systems that operate on spatiotemporal data, yet their learnable parameters are often limited to synaptic weights, contributing little to temporal pattern recognition. Learnable parameters that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Luke Vassallo , Nima Taherinejad

Spiking neural network (SNN) has attracted much attention due to their powerful spatio-temporal information representation ability. Capsule Neural Network (CapsNet) does well in assembling and coupling features at different levels. Here, we…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Dongcheng Zhao , Yang Li , Yi Zeng , Jihang Wang , Qian Zhang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have recently attracted widespread research interest as an efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) because of their capability to process sparse and binary spike information and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Yuhang Li , Abhishek Moitra , Tamar Geller , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as energy-efficient neural networks with temporal information. SNNs have shown a superior efficiency on neuromorphic devices, but the devices are susceptible to noise, which hinders them from…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Seongsik Park , Dongjin Lee , Sungroh Yoon

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are widely applied in various fields due to their energy-efficient and fast-inference capabilities. Applying SNNs to reinforcement learning (RL) can significantly reduce the computational resource requirements…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Lang Qin , Ziming Wang , Runhao Jiang , Rui Yan , Huajin Tang
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