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Nonstabilizerness, or magic, is a necessary resource for quantum advantage beyond the classically simulatable Clifford framework. Recent works have begun to chart the structure of magic in many-body states, introducing the concepts of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Zhi Li

Classical shadow tomography is a powerful randomized measurement protocol for predicting many properties of a quantum state with few measurements. Two classical shadow protocols have been extensively studied in the literature: the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

We establish lower-bounds on the number of resource states, also known as magic states, needed to perform various quantum computing tasks, treating stabilizer operations as free. Our bounds apply to adaptive computations using measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Michael Beverland , Earl Campbell , Mark Howard , Vadym Kliuchnikov

The probability distribution of a measure of non-stabilizerness, also known as magic, is investigated for Haar-random pure quantum states. Focusing on the stabilizer R\'enyi entropies, the associated probability density functions (PDFs) are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Daniele Iannotti , Lorenzo Campos Venuti , Alioscia Hamma

The quantum hashing bound guarantees that rates up to $1-H(p_I, p_X, p_Y, p_Z)$ are achievable for memoryless Pauli channels, but it is not generally tight. A known way to improve achievable rates for certain asymmetric Pauli channels is to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tyler Kann , Matthieu R. Bloch , Shrinivas Kudekar , Ruediger Urbanke

We address the circuit-design problem of maximizing quantum magic in early fault-tolerant quantum computing (early FTQC), where logical dynamics natively take the form of alternating Clifford layers and diagonal non-Clifford layers. To…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Hsueh-Hao Lu , Yasunari Suzuki , Yasunobu Nakamura , En-Jui Kuo

Non-stabilizerness, alongside entanglement, is a crucial ingredient for fault-tolerant quantum computation and achieving a genuine quantum advantage. Despite recent progress, a complete understanding of the generation and thermalization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Naga Dileep Varikuti , Soumik Bandyopadhyay , Philipp Hauke

Twirling noise affecting quantum gates is essential in understanding and controlling errors, but applicable operations to noise are usually restricted by symmetries inherent in quantum gates. In this work, we propose symmetric Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Kento Tsubouchi , Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Kunal Sharma , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Universal quantum computing requires nonstabilizer (magic) quantum states. Quantifying the nonstabilizerness and relating it to other quantum resources is vital for characterizing the complexity of quantum many-body systems. In this work,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Xhek Turkeshi , Marco Schirò , Piotr Sierant

In this paper, we present a learning algorithm aimed at learning states obtained from computational basis states by Clifford circuits doped with a finite number $t$ of $T$-gates. The algorithm learns an exact tomographic description of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-29 Lorenzo Leone , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero , Alioscia Hamma

Magic states are essential for universal quantum computation and are widely viewed as a key source of quantum advantage, yet in realistic devices they are inevitably noisy. In this work, we characterize how noise on injected magic resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jiwon Heo , Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

We estimate the success probability of quantum protocols composed of Clifford operations in the presence of Pauli errors. Our method is derived from the fault-point formalism previously used to determine the success rate of low-distance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-26 Smitha Janardan , Yu Tomita , Mauricio Gutierrez , Kenneth R. Brown

Characterizing quantum magic -- the resource enabling computational advantage beyond stabilizer circuits -- is subtle in qubit systems because established measures can give conflicting information about the same state. We introduce C(rho),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-25 Soumyojyoti Dutta , Tushar

Magic, or nonstabilizerness, characterizes how far away a state is from the stabilizer states, making it an important resource in quantum computing, under the formalism of the Gotteman-Knill theorem. In this paper, we study the magic of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-17 Liyuan Chen , Roy J. Garcia , Kaifeng Bu , Arthur Jaffe

Stabilizer entropies and quantum magic have been extensively explored in real-space formulations of quantum systems within the framework of resource theory. However, interesting and transparent physics often emerges in momentum space, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-06 Balázs Dóra , Cătălin Paşcu Moca

Accurately estimating expectation values of quantum observables with as few measurements as possible is crucial to many quantum computing applications. We introduce a framework that covers many of existing measurement strategies and…

Various algorithms have been developed to simulate quantum circuits on classical hardware. Among the most prominent are approaches based on \emph{stabilizer decompositions} and \emph{tensor network contraction}. In this work, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Julien Codsi , Tuomas Laakkonen

Standard randomized benchmarking protocols entail sampling from a unitary 2 design, which is not always practical. In this article we examine randomized benchmarking protocols based on subgroups of the Clifford group that are not unitary 2…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-20 Winton G. Brown , Bryan Eastin

Group twirling is crucial in quantum information processing, particularly in randomized benchmarking and random compiling. While protocols based on Pauli twirling have been effectively crafted to transform arbitrary noise channels into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Guoding Liu , Ziyi Xie , Zitai Xu , Xiongfeng Ma

Magic-state distillation (or non-stabilizer state manipulation) is a crucial component in the leading approaches to realizing scalable, fault-tolerant, and universal quantum computation. Related to non-stabilizer state manipulation is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-11 Xin Wang , Mark M. Wilde , Yuan Su