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We consider the design of experiments to evaluate treatments that are administered by self-interested agents, each seeking to achieve the highest evaluation and win the experiment. For example, in an advertising experiment, a company wishes…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-09-18 Panos Toulis , David C. Parkes , Elery Pfeffer , James Zou

Background: Drug development is often inefficient, costly and lengthy, yet it is essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new interventions. Compared with other disease areas, this is particularly true for Phase II / III cancer…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-13 Abigail Burdon , Thomas Jaki , Xijin Chen , Pavel Mozgunov , Haiyan Zheng , Richard Baird

Machine learning (ML) holds great promise for clinical applications but is often hindered by limited access to high-quality data due to privacy concerns, high costs, and long timelines associated with clinical trials. While large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Zerui Xu , Fang Wu , Yingzhou Lu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Yue Zhao

A major impediment to successful drug development is the complexity, cost, and scale of clinical trials. The detailed internal structure of clinical trial data can make conventional optimization difficult to achieve. Recent advances in…

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are indispensable for establishing the clinical value of medical artificial-intelligence (AI) tools, yet their high cost and long timelines hinder timely validation as new models emerge rapidly. Here, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Michael Nercessian , Wenxin Zhang , Alexander Schubert , Daphne Yang , Maggie Chung , Ahmed Alaa , Adam Yala

Increasing clinical trial protocol complexity, amendments, and challenges around knowledge management create significant burden for trial teams. Structuring protocol content into standard formats has the potential to improve efficiency,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Ramtin Babaeipour , François Charest , Madison Wright

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy represents a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, yet development timelines of 8-12 years and clinical attrition rates exceeding 40-60% highlight critical inefficiencies in target selection,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-13 Yi Ni , Liwei Zhu , Shuai Li

Clinical coding is an administrative process that involves the translation of diagnostic data from episodes of care into a standard code format such as ICD10. It has many critical applications such as billing and aetiology research. The…

Adaptive designs for clinical trials permit alterations to a study in response to accumulating data in order to make trials more flexible, ethical and efficient. These benefits are achieved while preserving the integrity and validity of the…

Clinical trials are an integral component of medical research. Trials require careful design to, for example, maintain the safety of participants, use resources efficiently and allow clinically meaningful conclusions to be drawn. Adaptive…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-17 James M. McGree , Antony M. Overstall , Mark Jones , Robert K. Mahar

Nowadays, more and more clinical trials choose combinational agents as the intervention to achieve better therapeutic responses. However, dose-finding for combinational agents is much more complicated than single agent as the full order of…

Applications · Statistics 2022-08-05 Shu Wang , Ji-Hyun Lee

Clinical trials are a systematic endeavor to assess the safety and efficacy of new drugs or treatments. Conducting such trials typically demands significant financial investment and meticulous planning, highlighting the need for accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Tien Huu Do , Antoine Masquelier , Nae Eoun Lee , Jonathan Crowther

Ensuring the long-term reliability of AI models in clinical practice requires continuous performance monitoring and corrective actions when degradation occurs. Addressing this need, this manuscript presents ReclAIm, a multi-agent framework…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Eleftherios Tzanis , Michail E. Klontzas

Clinical trial outcome prediction seeks to estimate the likelihood that a clinical trial will successfully reach its intended endpoint. This process predominantly involves the development of machine learning models that utilize a variety of…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-14 Chufan Gao , Tianfan Fu , Jimeng Sun

Multi-agent AI systems powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to solve complex tasks. However, these systems often rely on fragile, manually designed prompts and heuristics, making optimization difficult. A key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Wanjia Zhao , Mert Yuksekgonul , Shirley Wu , James Zou

Agentic coding tools, such as OpenAI Codex, Claude Code, and Cursor, are transforming the software engineering landscape. These AI-powered systems function as autonomous teammates capable of planning and executing complex development tasks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Kosei Horikawa , Hao Li , Yutaro Kashiwa , Bram Adams , Hajimu Iida , Ahmed E. Hassan

Matching patients effectively and efficiently for clinical trials is a significant challenge due to the complexity and variability of patient profiles and trial criteria. This paper introduces \textbf{Multi-Agent for Knowledge Augmentation…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hanwen Shi , Jin Zhang , Kunpeng Zhang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in healthcare, they often struggle with the complex, non-linear reasoning required for accurate clinical diagnosis. Existing methods typically rely on static, linear mappings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhuohan Ge , Haoyang Li , Yubo Wang , Nicole Hu , Chen Jason Zhang , Qing Li

Clinical trials provide essential guidance for practicing Evidence-Based Medicine, though often accompanying with unendurable costs and risks. To optimize the design of clinical trials, we introduce a novel Clinical Trial Result Prediction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Qiao Jin , Chuanqi Tan , Mosha Chen , Xiaozhong Liu , Songfang Huang

Dermatological care via telemedicine often lacks the rich context of in-person visits. Clinicians must make diagnoses based on a handful of images and brief descriptions, without the benefit of physical exams, second opinions, or reference…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Karishma Thakrar , Shreyas Basavatia , Akshay Daftardar